Moreover, X-ray of the foot is limited by multiple factors, including projectional superimposition caused by the 2-dimensional representation of a 3-dimensional pathology, use of ionizing radiation, relative insensitivity to early bone damage and total insufficiency for assessment of soft tissue changes, including synvoitis (Fig. 1).[25] It is well known that synovitis, bone marrow edema and bone erosion are important pathologies associated with RA. Imaging modalities should be able to address such changes in the

joint, especially in the early stage of disease. MRI and computed tomography (CT) provide useful Romidepsin solubility dmso information about both the features and the extent of anatomic damage in selected RA patients. MRI

is very sensitive in detecting bone marrow edema, while CT is good at detection of bone erosion (Fig. 2). However, the high cost, availability of the machines and high radiation exposure hinder their use in clinical practice.[26] Ultrasonography is one of the techniques that has gained wide acceptance for studying joint, tendon, bursal and bone involvement in RA (Figs 3, 4). It has been increasingly used in rheumatology clinics for assessment and follow-up of these patients as it provides real-time visualization as well as direct identification of bone lesions and extent of synvoitis (Fig. 5). Wakefield et al. reported that 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase ultrasound 17-AAG purchase (US) detected 3.5 times more erosions than radiography in RA.[27] This difference was even greater with early disease. Ultrasound has other benefits, including guidance of steroid injections, thus ensuring accurate treatment applications.[28-31] In recent years, standardized US definitions for different pathologies and scanning guidelines were published by the Outcome Measures

in Rheumatology Clinical Trials (OMERACT) US group, although further validation is still pending.[32-34] Advances in imaging have led to the ability to distinguish between active synovitis and joint destruction. The fifth MTPJ has been reported to be the most common sonographic site of erosion in the foot in patients with RA, suggesting US assessment should be included in the baseline approach to patients with arthritis.[13, 35, 36] MRI and US have also been shown to be more sensitive than clinical examination for detecting synovitis in the forefoot in RA.[25] Further, low-field MRI and US were superior to clinical examination for detection of joint inflammation in RA feet.[13, 37] Using MRI as the gold standard, Wakefield et al.[38] reported that US was more specific in identifying hindfoot and midtarsal joint synovitis and tenosynovitis compared with clinical examination in patients with established RA. Woodburn et al.