In 2008, the New Zealand Ministry of Health supported and propagated guidelines for HIV testing in medical settings [22]. This included recommendations that all persons with a history of unprotected sexual exposure that could result in HIV transmission, specifically MSM and those seeking assessment for sexually transmitted infections, should be offered testing. It is important

that this guideline is promoted, and the impact assessed, including collecting information on HIV testing according to sexual behaviour. Moreover, the possibility of HIV infection should be considered in a wide range of clinical situations. Testing needs to be encouraged particularly among Pacific and Māori MSM, who need www.selleckchem.com/products/Roscovitine.html to be made aware of the value of HIV testing and of accessible venues where this can be undertaken. Our findings also show that testing for HIV must be considered for people of all ages if they are currently, or have been in the past, at risk. In the area of sexual health the emphasis tends click here to be on young people, but age should not be a major arbiter of HIV testing. The AIDS Epidemiology Group is funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Health. The authors acknowledge the long-term commitment

from clinicians who provide information on people diagnosed with HIV infection in New Zealand. “
“The aim of the study was to assess the incidence and costs of adverse events (AEs) among patients with HIV infection treated with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) from the health care system perspective. US medical and pharmacy claims during 2004−2009 were examined to select adult new NNRTI users with HIV infection. The incidence of selected AEs and time to occurrence were assessed

during the first year. Episodes of care for each AE were identified using claims associated with AE management. For each AE, a propensity score model was used to match patients with an AE to those without (1:4) based on the propensity of having an AE. Mean total health care costs, AE-associated costs and incremental costs per episode, and annual total health care costs per patient were calculated. Of the 2548 NNRTI-treated patients, 29.3% experienced AEs. The incidence ranged from 0.4 episodes/1000 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase person-years for suicide/self-injury to 14.9 episodes/1000 person-years for dizziness, 49.8 episodes/1000 person-years for depression and 150.3 episodes/1000 person-years for lipid disorder. The mean AE-associated cost (duration) per episode ranged from $586 (88 days) for lipid disorder to $975 (33 days) for rash, $2760 (73 days) for sleep-related symptoms and $4434 (41 days) for nausea/vomiting. The mean incremental cost per episode ranged from $1580 for rash to $2032 for lipid disorder, $8307 for sleep-related symptoms and $12 833 for nausea/vomiting.