31–33 Due to these immunologically mediated differences, the diagnostic methods and the treatment and follow-up strategy can differ significantly. Regarding diagnosis, highly

specific and sensitive assays enabling to detect patients with very low microfilaremias have been developed recently.34,35 Regarding treatment, there is no indication that expatriates and natives from endemic areas with similar microfilaremias respond differently to treatment in terms of efficacy32 but as the latter harbor sometimes very high microfilarial densities, particular attention should be given when managing these cases in order to prevent possible serious adverse events. The author Cabozantinib states he has no conflicts of interest to declare. “
“Our survey1 showed more than 99% of refugees in the Asylum IWR-1 chemical structure Seeker Center in Bari with protective antibodies for poliovirus 1, 2, and 3; then, a very little number of seronegatives were offered inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). In Italy, since the 1970s the number of immigrants has increased yearly. Checking immunization

status for poliomyelitis in all migrants coming seems rather hard, as the accredited laboratories for the detection of antibodies for poliovirus are just 20 nationwide.2 Fortunately, the high level of immunity showed in our survey supports the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s current recommendation that foreign-born persons without a vaccination record documenting receipt of recommended immunizations or other evidence of immunity should receive age-appropriate vaccines.3 Arya and Agarwal

suggest to investigate immunity status of migrants coming from polio-endemic countries in the seventh or higher decades, but in Italy the average age of foreign residents is 31 years and only 2% of them are over 65.4 Usually they are young people in good health in their country of origin who are able to address major problems related to travel and adapt in a foreign country. Adenosine triphosphate They are people asking for asylum and refugee status, not tourists. As surveillance for poliomylietis is crucial in countries declared polio-free, our hope is that the sensitivity of surveillance system of acute flaccid paralysis in Italy remains optimal as the current state, with a number of notified cases threefold the expected value and adequate specimen sampling. Silvio Tafuri 1 and Rosa Prato 1 “
“We compliment Dr Webb and Professor Russell for their meticulous review of different insecticide formulations offered in Australia against mosquito bites.