1% ethanol), E2 or efavirenz in the presence or absence of the anti-oestrogen ICI Thiazovivin 182,780. The relative cell number after 4–6 days of growth was determined using crystal violet staining and WST cell proliferation staining (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, IN, USA) as described previously [21]. Fluorescence polarization-based competitive binding assays were performed to measure the relative binding affinity of efavirenz for ER-α using a commercially available kit

(P2698; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s specifications. We have previously described the use of this assay to evaluate the relative affinity of ligands for ER-α [19]. Reactions (100 μL) were carried out in black-wall, low-volume 96-well plates (6006270; PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Following 2 hours of incubation at room temperature, fluorescence polarization values were obtained using a BMG PolarStar Omega plate reader (BMG Labtech, Durham, NC, USA). Student’s t-tests

were used to compare treatments with respective controls (sigmastat Version 3.5; Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). Curve fitting and effective concentration for half-maximal growth (EC50) or binding (IC50) were determined using graphpad prism Version 4.03 (GraphPad selleck products Software, San Diego, CA, USA). Efavirenz (10 μM) induced growth of MCF-7 cells that was ∼1.2-fold greater than that induced by vehicle treatment (Fig. 1a; right, solid bar). This effect was blocked by the anti-oestrogen ICI 182,780 (Fig. 1a; right, chequered bar). As expected, E2 (10 nM) maximally stimulated growth (∼3.2-fold)

versus the vehicle treatment (Fig. 1a; left, solid bar). ICI 182,780 completely blocked E2-induced growth (Fig. 1a; left, chequered bar). Efavirenz induced a similar amount of growth in ZR-75-1 cells following 4 days of treatment (Fig. 1b), and this growth was blocked by ICI 182,780 (data not shown). However, efavirenz did not stimulate the growth of T47D cells following 6 days of treatment (Fig. 1b). The concentration–effect curve for efavirenz-induced growth in MCF-7 cells is shown in Fig. 1c. Efavirenz-induced cellular growth was concentration-dependent Phospholipase D1 up to 10 μM. Growth induced at any concentration was completely blocked by 1 μM ICI 182,780 (data not shown). Higher efavirenz concentrations (50 or 100 μM) were growth inhibitory to MCF-7, T47D and ZR-75-1 cells; this effect could not be blocked by ICI 182,780 (data not shown). Although this growth inhibition at high concentrations prevented full characterization of the concentration–effect relationship, we estimated an EC50 of approximately 15.7 μM using the data obtained for lower concentrations (1–10 μM). The affinity of efavirenz binding to the ER relative to that of E2 was determined using a competitive binding assay as described in ‘Materials and methods’ section.