The deamination promoted by ADA activity was linear up to 40 min (Supporting Information, Fig. S1a) and in the range of 50–150 μg protein mL−1 (Fig. S1b). Therefore, we chose to use 100 μg protein mL−1 from cultures in further enzyme assays. The viability of the trophozoites was not affected by any of the conditions used in the assays. When trophozoite suspensions were incubated with their respective times and protein contents without the substrate adenosine, there PI3K inhibitor was no significant production of NH3. Therefore, the involvement of other

NH3 sources was negligible in the assay condition tested. To evaluate the influence of pH on ADA activity, the enzyme assays were carried out in a pH range of 6.5–8.5. The buffers used were sodium phosphate (used in a pH range from 6.5 to 7.5) and sodium carbonate Z-VAD-FMK clinical trial bicarbonate buffer (assayed for pH 8.5). The results showed that the optimum pH for ADA was 7.5 (Fig. 1a); therefore, this value was chosen for the subsequent experiments. In order to investigate a possible effect

of divalent cations on ADA activity, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were used. Both cations were able to decrease (approximately 50%) the ADA activity at the lower tested concentration (2.5 mM). When tested at a higher concentration (5.0 mM), Mg2+ inhibited 80% of ADA activity and Ca2+ completely abolished the activity. This effect is specifically caused by cations because it was prevented by the addition of EDTA (Fig. 1b). The adenosine deamination was determined at adenosine concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 3.0 mM (Fig. 2). The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (KM app) and maximum velocity (Vmax app) were estimated from a Eadie–Hofstee plot (inset, Fig. 2). The apparent KM was 1.13 ± 0.07 mM (mean ± SD, n=4), whereas the calculated Vmax was 2.61 ± 0.054 nmol NH3 min−1 mg−1 protein (mean ± SD, n=4). The relative substrate specificity of T. vaginalis ADA was determined

(Table S1). Adenosine and 2-deoxyadenosine were substrates for ADA, presenting the activities 1.9 ± 0.6 and 2.9 ± 0.5 nmol NH3 min−1 mg−1 protein, respectively. Guanosine and 2-deoxyguanosine were not deaminated. We measured the adenosine deamination in T. vaginalis in the presence and in the absence of EHNA, a potent inhibitor of ADA1 activity (Iwaki-Egawa & Watanabe, 2002; Tangeritin Sharoyan et al., 2006; Rosemberg et al., 2008). The incubation time of 20 min for EHNA inhibition was used because this was the optimal time for all enzyme assays, ensuring the linearity of the reaction. After the EHNA treatment, trichomonads were metabolically active because they were inoculated in TYM medium for the subsequent experiments including the ADA assay and interaction with human neurophils. Moreover, the parasites presented motility and cellular integrity checked using trypan blue dye exclusion after EHNA incubation at all concentrations.