Moreover, these researchers also found that HMB supplementation was able to SHP099 prevent the loss of skeletal muscle fiber size in very old as compared to young rats. These studies suggest that HMB alone can decrease
body fat and increase skeletal muscle mass and strength in aging populations. The efficacy of HMB supplementation in conjunction PD0325901 nmr with a strength-training program has also been investigated in aging populations. Vukovich et al. [64] compared the effects of eight weeks of either HMB or placebo supplementation on body composition and strength in 70 year old men and women performing a strength training program. A trend (p=0.08) towards an increase in lean mass was observed in the HMB-supplemented group, while no change was observed in the placebo-supplemented group. However, it should be noted that body composition was measured with skinfold calipers in this study. The HMB-supplemented group also had an approximate 8% decrease in fat mass. Upper and lower body strength increased by 15-20%; however, there was no difference in strength changes between the groups. While the differences observed were not statistically different with HMB supplementation, it should be noted that the training protocol in this study consisted of 2 sets of 8–12 repetitions 2 days per week. Thus, this
particular study suggests that in previously untrained older adults the use of HMB may not provide any further benefit than training alone. Considering the paucity of available research on HMB ingestion and resistance exercise in older adults, additional investigations Doramapimod mouse are warranted. HMB improves indices of aerobic performance, fat loss, and energy metabolism While HMB has long been touted as an anti-catabolic agent that may aid recovery
and improve performance, recent evidence has identified additional metabolic benefits of HMB supplementation related to energy metabolism. This section will discuss how HMB may improve aerobic performance as well as increase fat loss and mitochondrial biogenesis, and the purported mechanisms of action underlying these benefits. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of HMB for aerobic Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease athletes. For instance, Vukovich and Dreifort [65] investigated the effects of HMB supplementation on peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in eight endurance-trained master-level competitive cyclists having an average training volume of 300 miles per week. Participants performed a graded cycle ergometer test until exhaustion. All participants performed three 2-week supplementation protocols consisting of either 3 g of HMB-Ca, 3 g of leucine, or a placebo daily, while continuing their normal training volume. Results from the graded exercise test indicated that HMB supplementation increased the time to reach VO2peak (8%), while leucine and the placebo did not. The VO2 at 2 mM blood lactate (OBLA) increased with HMB (9.