Karyotypes were described using the short version of the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature [15]. DNA extraction and array CGH Genomic DNA was extracted from UTOS-1 cells at passage 15. The CGH procedure used was similar to published standard protocols [16]. Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor samples using standard procedures including proteinase K digestion and phenol-chloroform extraction. Array CGH was performed using the GenoSensor Array 300 system, following the manufacturer’s instructions (Vysis, Downers Grove, IL, USA). This array contains the 287 chromosomal regions

that are commonly altered in human cancer, such as telomeres, regions involved in microdeletions, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes. Tumor DNA (100 ng) was labeled by random priming with fluorolink cy3-dUTP, and normal reference (control) DNA was labeled using RAD001 research buy the same method with cy5-dUTP. The tumor and control DNAs were then mixed with Cot-1 selleck inhibitor DNA (GIBCO-BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA), precipitated, and resuspended in microarray hybridization buffer containing 50% formamide. The hybridization solution was heated to 80°C for 10 minutes to denature the DNA, and was then incubated for 1 hour at 37°C. Hybridization was performed for 72 hours in a moist RO4929097 datasheet chamber, followed by a post-hybridization wash in 50% formamide/2 × SCC at 45°C. Slides were mounted in phosphate

buffer containing 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Fluorescence intensity images were obtained

using the GenoSensor Reader System (Vysis) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For each spot, the total intensity of each of the 2 dyes and the ratio of their intensities were automatically calculated. The diagnostic cut-off levels representing gains and losses were Niclosamide set at 1.2 (upper threshold) and 0.8 (lower threshold). This assay was performed in triplicate, and common aberrations were considered to be meaningful aberrations. Results Tumor growth in vivo Approximately 5 weeks after implantation, all SCID mice had palpable elastic hard nodules with a volume of about 1000 mm3 (Figure 2). The tumor volume was about 4000 mm3 at 6 weeks after implantation, and was > 10,000 mm3 at 8 weeks after implantation. The cut surfaces of these tumors were solid and white-gray with small necrotic foci. Histopathologically, the tumors contained primarily atypical tumor cells, and exhibited formation of osteoid or immature bone matrix, which is similar in characteristics to the original tumor (Figure 3). Figure 2 Tumor volume in SCID mice. Tumor volume in logarithmic growth phase, ~5 weeks after inoculation. Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of triplicate cultures. Figure 3 Histologic appearance of xenografted tumor in SCID mice. A.