The PCR products digested with SalI and BamHI were ligated into the same sites of pLD-lacZΩ [39]. Sample preparation for agarose 2-DE Agarose 2-DE samples were prepared from amino-acid starved S. Typhimurium

strain SH100, as well as relA and spoT double knockout strain TM157 (ΔrelAΔspoT). The cell pellets were washed twice with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and dissolved in lysis buffer containing 5 M urea, 1 M thiourea, KU55933 cell line 0.05% w/v β-mercaptoethanol, and one tablet of protein inhibitor (Complete Mini EDTA-free; Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), which was dissolved in 10 mL of the solution. The lysates were centrifuged (104,000 × g, 20 min, 4°C) and the clear supernatant was used. Proteome analysis We performed proteome analysis according to the procedures of Oh-Ishi et al. [25] and Kuruma et al. [42]. An aliquot of 200-300 μL (containing 500

μg of protein) of sample solution was subjected to first-dimension IEF at 667 V for 18 h at 4°C, followed by second-dimension ��-Nicotinamide datasheet SDS-PAGE. The slab gel was stained with CBB R-350 (PhastGel Blue R; GE Healthcare). Protein spots were excised from a destained gel with 50% (v/v) ACN and dried under vacuum. The proteins were digested in the gel with trypsin. Digested fragments of 15 pmol were loaded on a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which consisted of Nanospace SI-2 (Shiseido Fine Chemicals), an HPLC (LCQ Deca), and an ion trap mass spectrometer (Thermo Finnigan). We identified a protein from measured masses of the tryptic selleckchem peptides and their MS/MS fragments using the SEQUEST program. When NCT-501 molecular weight the top-ranked candidates had SEQUEST scores lower than 90, we inspected

the raw MS and MS/MS spectra of peptides to judge their qualities. We classified identified proteins according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) PATHWAY database http://​www.​genome.​ad.​jp/​kegg/​pathway.​html. Gel-to-gel comparisons between SH100 and TM153 were performed for two separately prepared samples. Each scanned 2-DE gel image was analyzed with the gel image analysis software SameSpots (Progenesis). RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR S. Typhimurium strains were grown in LB and ppGpp expression was induced as described above. Total RNA was isolated from the bacterial culture using RNAprotect Bacteria Reagent and the RNeasy Protect Bacteria Mini Kit with the gDNA Eliminator spin column (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. cDNA was synthesized using the QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit (Qiagen). Real-time PCR was performed with the primer pairs listed in Table 3 using QuantiTect SYBR Green and the 7900HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems). The data were analyzed using the comparative Ct method (Applied Biosystems). Transcription of the target gene was normalized to the levels of gyrA mRNA.