Three centers used Hologic machines (Hologic, Bedford, MA, USA), one center used a Lunar machine (General Electric, Madison,

WI, USA), and one center used a Norland machine (Cooper Surgical, Trumbull, CT, USA). BMD was expressed as grams per square centimeter and T scores were given. A patient is defined as having a normal BMD with T scores of −1 or above at both lumbar spine and hip [31]. Saracatinib cost patients with T scores between −1 and −2.5 at lumbar spine and/or hip are qualified as osteopenic [31]. A T score of −2.5 or below at lumbar spine and/or hip indicated osteoporosis [31]. Statistical Selleck Lenvatinib analyses The BMD values derived from the different machines and different regions of the hip were calculated to standardized BMD (sBMD) values with previously reported and validated formulas [32, 33]. Differences between the two groups in means of continuous data were tested with independent-samples t-tests or Mann–Whitney U-tests, where appropriate, and differences in categorical data with chi-square tests. Differences

in sBMD values between the two groups over time were tested using repeated-measures ANOVA. Additionally, longitudinal regression analyses (mixed models) were performed to assess the influence of patient characteristics and disease severity on the course of sBMD. A random intercept was used, and treatment group and time were independent variables, and sBMD in the lumbar spine or left hip (with separate analyses for Q-VD-Oph molecular weight these two variables) was the dependent variable. Gender, age, weight, rheumatoid factor status, baseline DAS28 (disease activity score based on 28 joints),

and average DAS28 during the trial period were used as covariates Adenosine triphosphate in the models. Several interaction terms (i.e., treatment strategy × gender, treatment strategy × age, treatment strategy × time, age × time) were also tested in the models to investigate whether the effect of the treatment strategy on sBMD was constant between subgroups and whether the effects of the treatment strategy and age on BMD were constant over time. Using a backward selection strategy, variables which did not contribute to the model were removed from the model one by one. A liberal p-value (p > 0.20) was used for exclusion from the model. In all models, treatment strategy and study center were retained as covariates. Separate models were created including SHS instead of DAS28 measurements or including adalimumab treatment. Since mixed model analyses can account for missing data (assumed to be missing at random), patients who missed one or two BMD measurements were still included in the longitudinal regression analyses. The statistical software SPSS 18.0 and NCSS 2007 were used for analyses of data. Unless stated otherwise, P values below 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.