However, the results are not statistically find more Ruxolitinib clinical trial different from those of the controls. It was also confirmed by incubating AuNPs with medium only and checking the absorption at a wavelength used for MTT assay that the presence of all tested AuNPs did not interfere with the assay. Figure 7 The effect of AuNPs on cell viability of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells were treated with bio-AuNPs (A) or chem-AuNPs (B) at various concentrations from 0 to 100 μM/mL for 24 h, and cell viability was determined by

the MTT method. The results are expressed as the mean ± SD of three separate experiments, each of which contained three replicates. Treated groups were not statistically different from the control group based on the Student’s t test. Shukla et al. [59] suggested that AuNPs are not cytotoxic, reduce the production of reactive oxygen and nitrite species, and do not stimulate secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL1-beta, making them suitable candidates for nanomedicine. VS-4718 Using a human leukaemia cell line, gold nanospheres

of different sizes (4, 12, and 18 nm in diameter) and capping agents were found to be nontoxic based on the MTT assay [60]. Similarly, Arnida et al. [61] found that plain spherical AuNPs and PEGylated spheres and rods did not interfere with the proliferation of PC-3 cells when cells were exposed to as high as 1.5 nM of AuNPs for a period of over two population doubling times (88 h). Plain spherical particles that were 50 and 90 nm in diameter slightly stimulated the proliferation of PC-3 cells. Parab et al. [58] investigated the biocompatibility effect of sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP)-stabilized AuNPs (Au-HMPs) in tumor and fibroblast cells. Synthesized Au-HMP nanoparticles and their surface-modified

counterparts revealed non-cytotoxic properties in tested cells and showed biocompatibility. Mukherjee et al. [38] designed and developed an AuNP-based drug delivery system (DDS) (Au-DOX) containing doxorubicin (DOX). Administration of this DDS to breast cancer Liothyronine Sodium cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) showed significant inhibition of breast cancer cell proliferation compared with pristine doxorubicin. The viability of the bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells was not affected with an AuNP concentration of up to 300 nM, and increasing the concentrations above 300 nM resulted in significant cell death [62]. AuNPs have anti-oxidative and anti-hyperglycemic activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice by balancing or inhibiting ROS generation in hyperglycemic conditions by scavenging free radicals and leading to increased anti-oxidant defense enzymes in mice.