Appreciation

is also extended to Dr. Stephanie from Colorado University at Boulder, for her help in refining the language usage. “
“Eleven years after Crutzen (2002) suggested the term Anthropocene as a new epoch of geological time (Zalasiewicz et Decitabine manufacturer al., 2011a), the magnitude and timing of human-induced change on climate and environment have been widely debated, culminating in the establishment of this new journal. Debate has centred around whether to use the industrial revolution as the start of the Anthropocene as suggested by Crutzen, or to include earlier anthropogenic effects on landscape, the environment (Ellis et al., 2013), and possibly climate (Ruddiman, 2003 and Ruddiman, 2013), thus backdating it to the Neolithic revolution and possibly beyond Pleistocene megafauna extinctions

around 50,000 years ago (Koch and Barnosky, 2006). Here, we appeal for leaving the beginning of the Anthropocene at around 1780 AD; this time marks the beginning of immense rises in human population and carbon emissions as well as atmospheric CO2 levels, the so-called “great acceleration”. This also anchors the Anthropocene on the first measurements of atmospheric CO2, confirming the maximum level of around 280 ppm recognized from ice cores to be typical for the centuries preceding the Anthropocene (Lüthi et al., 2008). The cause of the great acceleration was the Osimertinib solubility dmso increase in burning of fossil fuels: this did not begin in the 18th century, indeed coal was used 800 years earlier in China and already during

Roman times in Britain ( Hartwell, 1962 and Dearne and Branigan, 1996), but the effects on atmospheric CO2 are thought to have been less than 4 ppm until 1850 ( Stocker et al., 2010). The Anthropocene marks the displacement of agriculture as the world’s leading industry ( Steffen et al., 2011). However, the beginning of the Anthropocene is more controversial than its existence, and if we consider anthropogenic effects on the environment rather than on climate, there is abundant evidence for earlier events linked to human activities, including land use changes associated with the spread of agriculture, Cepharanthine controlled fire, deforestation, changes in species distributions, and extinctions (Smith and Zeder, 2013). The further one goes back in time, the more tenuous the links to human activities become, and the more uncertain it is that they caused any lasting effect. The proposition of the Anthropocene as a geological epoch raises the question of what defines an epoch. To some extent this is a thought experiment applied to a time in the far future – the boundary needs to be recognizable in the geological record millions of years in the future, just as past boundaries are recognized.