19 The present case TGF-beta inhibitor control study comprised of 230 consecutive, newly diagnosed, cholesterol gallstone patients (USG positive) recruited among patients attending the clinics of the Department of Gastroenterology and Gastro-surgery of Sanjay Gandhi

Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, UP India from March 2006 to March 2009. A total of 220 healthy controls (age and gender matched) were recruited from unrelated individuals from northern India. The inclusion criteria for controls were absence of asthma, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus and gallstones proven by ultrasonography. After obtaining the informed consent, all the individuals were personally interviewed for information on ethnicity, food habits, occupation and tobacco usage. Both patients and controls had similar ethnicity. The study was approved by the institute’s local ethics committee and informed consent was obtained from

all the subjects. Blood samples from all the subjects were collected in ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and stored at −70°C until further use. To confirm the type of gallstone, the cholesterol content of stones available from 67 gallstone patients were evaluated soon after cholecystectomy. Cholesterol content was estimated (in triplicate) using commercially available kits (Accurex Biomedical Pvt. Ltd, Mumbai, India) and the obtained cholesterol content was expressed as percentage of dry weight, which was further characterized as described selleck chemicals by Ramond et al.20 Laboratory personnel were blinded to the case control status of the subjects. The genomic DNA was extracted from a peripheral blood leukocytes pellet using the standard salting-out method.21 The genetic variant of the ABCG8 gene loci was determined by using standard polymerase chain reaction-restriction

fragment length analysis (PCR-RFLP). The ABCG8 D19H polymorphic site containing the fragment was amplified by PCR. The genotyping 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 for the ABCG8 D19H polymorphism was carried out as described previously.22 To improve the genotyping quality and validation, 10% of the samples were genotyped by Taqman probes and no discrepancy in genotyping was observed. Genotyping of 5% of samples were confirmed by DNA sequencing. To explore the gender specific effect of these polymorphisms, analysis was carried out after stratification of all the subjects according to gender. Descriptive statistics of patients and controls were presented as mean and SD for continuous measures, whereas frequencies and percentages were used for categorical measures. The χ2 goodness of fit test was used for any deviation from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Differences in the genotype and allele frequencies between study groups were estimated by χ2-test.