In the current study, we examined the effects of brain-derived (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived (GDNF) neurotrophic factors on acoustic startle response and PPI in DBA/2J

mice. It was found that BDNF (300 ng, i.c.v.) significantly increased amplitude of startle response and restored disrupted PPI in 7 days after acute administration. GDNF (800 ng, i.c.v.) did not produce significant alteration neither in amplitude of startle response nor in PPI in DBA/2J mice. The reversal effect of BDNF on PPI deficit was unusually long-lasting: significant increase in PPI was found 1.5 months after single acute BDNF administration. Long-term ameliorative effect BDNF on disrupted PPI suggested the implication of epigenetic mechanism in BDNF action on neurogenesis. BDNF rather than GDNF could be a perspective drug for the treatment of sensorimotor gating impairments. 4EGI-1 in vitro (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The bacterial co-expression method is a useful protein expression technique to reconstitute a hetero-oligomeric protein complex in vitro. However, during the plasmid subcloning for co-expression, unintended cleavage at the sequences of target cDNAs becomes more frequent

as the number of DNA inserts increases. This problem also makes it difficult to change the combination of targeted proteins after preparing a certain co-expression construct. To avoid this problem, we have developed a series of bacterial co-expression vectors, in which each translation cassette can be subcloned at a set of rare-cutter restriction enzyme sites. We selected 9 different rare-cutter restriction enzymes that recognize a acetylcholine 7 or 8-base-pair sequence, and constructed 27 kinds of cloning Birinapant supplier vectors and 3 kinds of co-expression vectors, utilizing the rare-cutter recognition sequences as multi-cloning sites. Using this vector system, we co-expressed and co-purified a 7-subunit protein complex composed of the mammalian 26S proteasome regulatory subunits RPT1 to RPT6, and their associated factor, gankyrin. We verified the presence of all 7 subunits by western

blotting, by taking advantage of the vector system in which the target proteins can be fused with a broad repertoire of epitope tags. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: While bladder neck sparing may improve post-prostatectomy urinary continence, there is concern that it may lead to more positive surgical margins and compromise cancer control. We compared the continence and cancer control outcomes of bladder neck sparing vs nonsparing techniques during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Materials and Methods: Data were prospectively collected on 1,067 robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomies done from September 2005 through October 2011. We compared the procedures according to bladder neck sparing (791) and nonsparing (276). Continence was defined by zero pad responses on the EPIC (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index) item quantifying daily use.

f., Atkinson, J. & Braddick, O. (2007). Visual and visuocognitive development in children born very prematurely. Progress in Brain Research, 164, 123-149; Braddick, O., Atkinson, J., &

Wattam-Bell, J. (2003). Normal and anomalous development of visual motion processing: Motion coherence and ‘dorsal-stream vulnerability’. Neuropsychologia, buy Vistusertib 41, 1769-1784]. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The cellular immune response to primary influenza virus infection is complex, involving multiple cell types and anatomical compartments, and is difficult to measure directly. Here we develop a two-compartment model that quantifies the interplay between viral replication and adaptive immunity. The fidelity of the model is demonstrated by accurately confirming the role of CD4 help for

antibody persistence and the consequences of immune depletion experiments. The model predicts that drugs to limit viral infection and/or production must be administered within 2 days of infection, with a benefit of combination therapy when administered early, and cytotoxic CD8 T cells in the lung are as effective for viral clearance as neutralizing antibodies when present at the time of challenge. The model can be used to investigate explicit biological scenarios and generate experimentally testable hypotheses. For example, when the adaptive response depends on cellular immune cell priming, regulation of antigen presentation 7-Cl-O-Nec1 ic50 has greater influence on the kinetics of viral clearance than the efficiency of virus neutralization or cellular cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that the modulation of antigen presentation or the number of lung resident cytotoxic cells and the combination drug intervention are Beta adrenergic receptor kinase strategies to combat highly virulent influenza

viruses. We further compared alternative model structures, for example, B-cell activation directly by the virus versus that through professional antigen-presenting cells or dendritic cell licensing of CD8 T cells.”
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays roles in episodic memory judgments, the specific processes it supports are not understood fully. Event-related potential(ERP) studies of episodic retrieval have revealed an electrophysiological modulation – the right-frontal ERP old/new effect – which is thought to reflect activity in PFC. The functional significance of this old/new effect remains a matter of debate, and this study was designed to test two accounts: (i) that the effect indexes processes linked to the monitoring or evaluation of the products of retrieval in service of task demands, or (ii) that it indexes the number of internal decisions required for a task judgment. Participants studied words in one of two colours. In a subsequent retrieval task, old (studied) and new words were presented in a neutral colour.

These findings

demonstrate the presence of ongoing pain in this model that is present at a late-time point after MIA allowing for mechanistic investigation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Evasion of interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral signaling is a common defense strategy for pathogenic RNA viruses. To date, Selleckchem Wortmannin research on IFN antagonism by hantaviruses is limited and has focused on only a subset of the numerous recognized hantavirus species. The host IFN response has two phases, an initiation phase, resulting in the induction of alpha/beta IFN (IFN-alpha/beta), and an amplification phase, whereby IFN-alpha/beta signals through the Jak/STAT pathway, resulting in the establishment of the cellular antiviral state. We examined interactions between these critical host responses and the New World hantaviruses. We observed delayed cellular responses in both Andes virus (ANDV)- and Sin Nombre virus (SNV)-infected A549 and Huh7-TLR3 cells. We found that IFN-beta induction is inhibited by coexpression of ANDV nucleocapsid protein (NP) and glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and is robustly inhibited by SNV GPC alone. Downstream amplification

by Jak/STAT signaling is also inhibited by SNV GPC and by either NP or GPC of ANDV. Therefore, ANDV- see more and SNV-encoded proteins have the potential for inhibiting both IFN-beta induction and signaling, with SNV exhibiting the more potent antagonism ability. Herein we identify ANDV NP, a previously unrecognized inhibitor of Jak/STAT signaling, and show that IFN antagonism by ANDV relies on expression of both the glycoproteins and NP, whereas the glycoproteins appear to be sufficient for antagonism by SNV. These data suggest that IFN antagonism strategies by hantaviruses are quite variable, even between species Fossariinae with similar disease phenotypes, and may help to better elucidate species-specific pathogenesis.”
“Hallucinogenic drugs, including mescaline, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), act at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors (5-HT2ARs). Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) ligands show efficacy in modulating the responses induced by activation of 5-HT2ARs. The formation

of a 5-HT2AR-mGluR2 complex suggests a functional interaction that affects the hallucinogen-regulated cellular signaling pathways. Here, we tested the cellular and behavioral effects of hallucinogenic 5-HT2AR agonists in mGluR2 knockout (mGluR2-KO) mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with the hallucinogens DOI (2 mg/kg) and LSD (0.24 mg/kg), or vehicle. Head-twitch behavioral response, expression of c-fos, which is induced by all 5-HT2AR agonists, and expression of egr-2, which is hallucinogen-specific, were determined in wild type and mGluR2-KO mice. [(3)H]Ketanserin binding displacement curves by DOI were performed in mouse frontal cortex membrane preparations. Head twitch behavior was abolished in mGluR2-KO mice. The high-affinity binding site of DOI was undetected in mGluR2-KO mice.

7% correctly classified with 100% sensitivity), but also correctly classified 77.3% of the suppressor patients (76.7% sensitivity), when using a refined set of 19 genes. Our study suggests that in vivo

stimulated gene expression in peripheral blood cells could be a promising molecular marker of altered GR-functioning, an important component of the underlying pathology, in patients suffering from depressive episodes. Neuropsychopharmacology (2012) 37, 1455-1464; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.331; published online 11 January 2012″
“Histones and the cytoskeletal Gemcitabine datasheet components tubulin and actin all act as thermal ratchets, using the energy present in Brownian motion to do work. All three also bind to nucleotides. Here we suggest that histones, tubulin, and actin derive from a common ancestral protein. There is some sequence similarity between histone 2A and the bacterial tubulin homologue FtsZ. Histones and actin also share some sequence similarity buy SCH 900776 in the nucleotides and at phosphate-binding sites. Thus, actin and tubulin may also be related, although this is not obvious

from sequence analysis. Indeed, actin and tubulin are closely functionally related and cooperate in many cellular processes. Interestingly, recent advances in nanotechnology suggest that thermal ratchets may be able to impart lifelike properties; thus, the evolution of the ancestral histone, tubulin, and actin thermal ratchet may have been crucial in the development of complexity in living organisms.”
“Clock

gene expression has been observed in tissues of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axis. Whereas the contribution of hypothalamic oscillators to the timing of reproductive biology is well known, the role of peripheral Flucloronide oscillators like those in the ovary is less clear. Circadian clocks in the ovary might play a role in the timing of ovulation. Disruption of the clock in ovarian cells or desynchrony between ovarian clocks and circadian oscillators elsewhere in the body may contribute to the onset and progression of various reproductive pathologies. In this paper, we review evidence for clock function in the ovary across a number of species and offer a novel perspective into the role of this clock in normal ovarian physiology and in diseases that negatively affect fertility.”
“3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the main psychoactive component of the recreational drug ecstasy, is a potent serotonin (5-HT) releaser. In animals, MDMA induces 5-HT depletion and toxicity in 5-HT neurons. The aim of this study was to investigate both presynaptic (5-HT transporter, SERT) and postsynaptic (5-HT2A receptor) markers of 5-HT transmission in recently abstinent chronic MDMA users compared with matched healthy controls. We hypothesized that MDMA use is associated with lower SERT density and concomitant upregulation of 5-HT2A receptors.

Patients were followed for a total of 24 months. Follow-up evaluation included clinical

assessment and physical examination, ankle-brachial indices (ABI), and color flow duplex sonography at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months.

Results. The mean total lesion length of the treated arterial segment in the stent-graft group was 25.6 cm (SD +/- 15 cm). The stent-graft group demonstrated a primary patency of 81%, 72%, and 63% witha secondary patency of 86%, 83%, and 74% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. The surgical femoral-popliteal group demonstrated a primary patency of 84%, 77%, and 64% with a secondary patency of 89%, 86%, and 76% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively. No statistical difference was found between the two groups with respect to primary (P = .716) or secondary patency (P = .695). Grouping of SN-38 less severe (TASC II A/B) vs more severe (TASC

TPX-0005 in vitro II C/D) lesions demonstrated patency at 24 months for the femoral-popliteal arm of 63% and 67%, respectively while that of the stent-graft arm was 64% and 47%, respectively. Secondary patency was 76% in both TASC classifications for the femoral-popliteal arm with 78% and 47% patency found respectively in the stent-graft group. These resulted in no significant difference for primary (P = .978) or secondary (P = .653) patency overall, although there is a trend for decreased patency with higher TASC II lesions.

Conclusion: Management of superficial femoral artery occlusive disease with percutaneous stent-grafts exhibits similar primary patency at 24-month follow-up when compared with conventional femoral-popliteal artery bypass grafting with synthetic conduit. This treatment method may offer an alternative to treatment of the superficial femoral artery segment for revascularization when prosthetic bypass is being considered or when autologous; conduit

is unavailable. (J Vasc Surg 2009;49:109-16.)”
“There is an increasing body of Pregnenolone research investigating whether abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with cognitive impairments, the evidence from which is equivocal. A systematic search of the literature identified twenty-three studies which assessed either clinically defined impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or variance in glucose tolerance within the clinically defined normal range (NGT). The findings suggest that poor glucose tolerance is associated with cognitive impairments, with decrements in verbal memory being most prevalent. However, the evidence for decrements in other domains was weak. The NGT studies report a stronger glucose tolerance-cognition association than the IGT studies, which is likely to be due to the greater number of glucose tolerance parameters and the more sensitive cognitive tests in the NGT studies compared to the IGT studies.

However, unlike DNA synthesis, efficient viral protein synthesis required de novo H protein synthesis, a novel function for this protein. A single amino acid change in the C terminus of protein H was both necessary and sufficient to confer resistance

to the inhibitory Delta H proteins, restoring both DNA and protein synthesis to wild-type eFT508 molecular weight levels. Delta H proteins derived from the resistant mutant did not inhibit wild-type or resistant mutant replication. The inhibitory effects of the Delta H proteins were lessened by the coexpression of the internal scaffolding protein, which may suppress H-H protein interactions. While coexpression relieved the block in DNA biosynthesis, viral protein synthesis remained suppressed. These data indicate that protein H’s role in DNA replication and stimulating viral protein synthesis can be uncoupled.”
“Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which is activated by the non-cyclin regulator p35 or p39, is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is implicated in many physiological and pathological processes. Here, we studied calcium signaling using the fluorescent cytosolic calcium indicator, Fura-4, in NGF-differentiated PC12 cells treated with roscovitine, a Cdk5 inhibitor. As compared to the control cells, the roscovitine-treated cells significantly potentiated

intracellular calcium release by membrane depolarization (high K(+)) or through thapsigargin. In addition, roscovitine increased the magnitude of capacitative calcium entry (CCE), i.e., a calcium influx mechanism SC79 triggered by the depletion of intracellular calcium stores. Notably, roscovitine markedly slowed the rate of Ca(2+) removal from the plasma membrane. These results suggest that Cdk5 regulates intracellular calcium homeostasis and that the dysregulation of Cdk5 may contribute to disease pathogenesis by perturbing cellular Call signaling. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Replicative Fludarabine fitness of poliovirus can be modulated systematically by replacement

of preferred capsid region codons with synonymous unpreferred codons. To determine the key genetic contributors to fitness reduction, we introduced different sets of synonymous codons into the capsid coding region of an infectious clone derived from the type 2 prototype strain MEF-1. Replicative fitness in HeLa cells, measured by plaque areas and virus yields in single-step growth experiments, decreased sharply with increased frequencies of the dinucleotides CpG (suppressed in higher eukaryotes and most RNA viruses) and UpA (suppressed nearly universally). Replacement of MEF-1 capsid codons with the corresponding codons from another type 2 prototype strain (Lansing), a randomization of MEF-1 synonymous codons, increased the %G+C without increasing CpG, and reductions in the effective number of codons used had much smaller individual effects on fitness.

Thus, nasal application of NPS seems to be a useful method in rodents for screening for behavioral or physiological effects before more specific and time-consuming, intracerebral methods are employed, and may represent a viable therapeutic approach for NPS treatment of patients with psychiatric illnesses such as anxiety

or panic disorders.

This article is part of a Special Issue entitled ‘Anxiety and Depression’. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Under appropriate conditions, Salubrinal solubility dmso essentially all proteins are able to aggregate to form long, well-ordered and beta-sheet-rich arrays known as amyloid-like fibrils. These fibrils consist of varying numbers of intertwined protofibrils and can for any given protein exhibit a wealth of different forms at the ultrastructural level. Traditionally, this structural

variability or polymorphism has been attributed to differences in the assembly of a common protofibril structure. However, recent work on glucagon, insulin, and the A beta peptide suggests that this polymorphism can occur at the level of secondary structure. Simple variations in either solvent conditions such as temperature, protein concentration, and ionic strength or external mechanical influences such as agitation can lead to formation of fibrils with markedly different characteristics. In some cases, these characteristics can be passed on to new fibrils in a strain-specific manner, similar to what is known for prions. The preferred structure of fibrils formed can be explained in terms of selective pressure and survival of the fittest; the most Combretastatin A4 order populated types of fibrils we observe at the end of an experiment are those that had the fastest overall growth rate under the given conditions. Fibrillar polymorphism is probably a

consequence of the lack of structural restraints on a nonfunctional conformational state.”
“Deletion of the small hydrophobic (SH) protein of certain paramyxoviruses has been found to result in attenuation, suggesting that the SH protein is a virulence factor. ZD1839 concentration To investigate the role of the mumps virus (MuV) SH protein in virulence, multiple stop codons were introduced into the open reading frame (ORF) of a MuV molecular clone (r88-1961(SHstop)), preserving genome structure but precluding production of the SH protein. No differences in neurovirulence were seen between the wild-type and the SH(stop) viruses. In contrast, upon deletion of the SH gene, significant neuroattenuation was observed. These data indicate that the MuV SH protein is not a neurovirulence factor and highlight the importance of distinguishing gene deletion effects from protein-specific effects.”
“Peptide deformylase (PDF) catalyzes the removal of formyl group from the N-terminal methionine residues of nascent proteins in prokaryotes, and this enzyme is a high priority target for antibiotic design.

ERP results showed that early onsetting old-new effects, between 100 and 300 ms, were observed for emotional but not neutral images in both age groups. Interestingly, these early effects were observed for negative items in the young and for positive items in the old. These ERP findings offer support for the idea that emotional events may be retrieved more automatically than neutral events across the lifespan. Furthermore, we suggest that very early retrieval mechanisms, possibly perceptual priming

or familiarity, may underlie selleck inhibitor the negativity and positivity effects sometimes observed in the young and old, respectively, for various behavioral measures of attention and memory. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The study objective was to determine whether the vasculopathy

seen in nonobstructed lung regions in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is induced by the local blood flow increase or by factors released by the ischemic lung.

Methods: Three groups of 10 piglets were studied 5 weeks after right pulmonary artery ligation, right pneumonectomy, or right pulmonary artery dissection (sham). Pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary arterial vasoreactivity, and morphometry were measured, and gene expressions of factors involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation were quantified.

Results: Left lung blood flow was similarly increased after BLZ945 cell line right pneumonectomy and right pulmonary artery ligation. Compared with right pneumonectomy, right pulmonary artery ligation resulted in left lung vasculopathy with increased pulmonary vascular resistance (P=.0009), medial hypertrophy of the distal pulmonary artery (P<.0001), and decreases in maximal relaxation to acetylcholine Interleukin-3 receptor (P=.013) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression (P=.041). These values were similar after sham and right pneumonectomy.

In the left lung, right pulmonary artery ligation increased the gene expressions for insulin-like growth factor (P=.034), platelet-derived growth factor (P=.0006), and vascular endothelial growth factor (P=.0105) compared with right pneumonectomy and sham. Whereas endothelin-1 gene expression was not affected, expressions of endothelin-1 receptors A and B were downregulated after right pneumonectomy (P=.048 and P=.039, respectively) and right pulmonary artery ligation (P=.033 and P=.028, respectively).

Conclusions: Pulmonary vasculopathy was absent in the remaining lung 5 weeks after right pneumonectomy but developed in the nonobstructed lung regions 5 weeks after right pulmonary artery ligation, suggesting that factors released by the ischemic lung induced vascular remodeling in the contralateral lung. This endocrine process may involve the release of factors involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Consequently, hGABAA-Rs should be considered as target for psychiatric pharmaceuticals and in developing GSK923295 solubility dmso treatment for drug intoxications. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: To evaluate early and late results of open (OR) and endovascular aneurysm repair by iliac side branch device (EVRISB) for aneurysms involving the iliac bifurcation (AIB).

Methods:Between January 2004

and March 2010, 118 patients were diagnosed with AIBs and underwent OR or EVRISB at two European vascular centers. Particularly, 64 (54.2%) patients were treated by EVRISB and 54 (45.8%) by OR. In one center, 24 consecutive patients were treated by surgery because this was the standard therapeutic approach until January 2005. For the rest of the study period until March 2010,64 consecutive patients with AIB suitable for EVRISB underwent placement of branched devices. In the other center, 30 consecutive patients with AIBs were treated by OR because advanced endovascular imaging was not available during

the study period.

Results: No significant differences in demographics, anatomical characteristics, or comorbidities of the patients were recorded between the two groups. Early (30-day) mortality was 0% for EVRISB versus 5.5% for the OR group (P < .001). Major morbidity occurred in 4.6% versus 9.3% of the patient subgroups, respectively (P < .001). Buttock claudication and colonic ischemia Edoxaban were recorded in 5.9% and 2% of OR patients compared with 3.1% and 0% of EVRISB cases (P > .05). Primary patency rates were 98.4% for EVRISB and 100% for OR patients. Primary and secondary endoleak rates of the Nutlin-3a solubility dmso EVRISB

group were 12.5% and 6.3%, respectively.

Conclusions: Endovascular repair by iliac branch device of aneurysms involving the iliac bifurcation can be accomplished with very low morbidity and mortality rates. Especially for young active patients or in cases of contralateral occlusion, the preservation of hypogastric artery seems to be a strong argument for use of EVRISB as a preferable therapy option. (J Vasc Surg 2011;53:1223-9.)”
“Phosphorylation by serine/threonine kinases has been described as a new mechanism for regulating the effects of insecticides on insect neuronal receptors and channels. Although insect GABA receptors are commercially important targets for insecticides (e.g. fipronil), their modulation by kinases is poorly understood and the influence of phosphorylation on insecticide sensitivity is unknown. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique, we investigated the modulatory effect of PKC and CaMKinase II on GABA receptor subtypes (GABAR1 and GABAR2) in DUM neurons isolated from the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) of Periplaneta americana. Chloride currents through GABAR2 were selectively abolished by PMA and PDBu (the PKC activators) and potentiated by Go6983, an inhibitor of PKC.

19 cm IF vs 1.14 cm SF; P = not significant [NS]) or the preoperative AAA size (5.8 cm IF vs 5.9 cm SF; P = NS). There were no significant differences in age (76.6 years IF vs 74.8 years SF; P = .32), gender (IF 66.7% vs SF 21.88% men; P = .053), or length of

stay (2.2 days IF vs 1.9 days SF; P = .39). The comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, and warfarin use) were also similar. There were five type 1a endoleaks in PLX4032 ic50 group IF and one in group SF (P = .44) identified at the 1-month follow-up; however, only one patient in the IF group underwent intervention for enlargement of the AAA sac. At 1 year, there was persistence of one type 1a endoleak in both groups, but these were deemed dead-end leaks as they did not fill the sac nor lead to aneurysm growth. There were no migrations (>0.5 cm) noted in either group. Sac regression was observed at an average rate of 0.24 cm/year in the IF group and 0.26 cm/year in the SF group (P = NS). There were no aneurysm ruptures during the study period.

Conclusions: There are no significant differences in endograft migration or in the incidence of early and late type 1a endoleaks between endografts that use IF (Gore Excluder) and SF (Cook Zenith) fixation for patients with short aortic necks undergoing EVAR. (J Vasc Surg 2012;55:1242-6.)”
“Theta-gamma coupling (TGC) is known to reflect working memory processes, but it is unclear whether TGC as measured

by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) reflects working memory processes or nonspecific

attentional Selleck AZD1390 processes. In this study, we examined the degree of TGC during a visuo-spatial working memory task (2-back task) vs. a simple vigilance task in 13 young participants. During the working memory task, TGC increased in the frontal area at approximately 40 Hz. In addition, TGC was also significantly different at high-gamma frequency despite no differences in gamma power between the two tasks, and a correlation between TGC only during the working memory task and hit rate was observed. These results suggest that TGC reflects working memory processes and may be a useful bio-physiological marker of working memory. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We designed cassettes allowing the systematic Thymidylate synthase fusion of fluorescent or luminescent proteins preceded by the calmodulin binding peptide tag to the C-terminus of Escherichia coli proteins. The chromosomal insertion, and thus physiological expression level of these fusions, permits the study of protein localization by fluorescent microscopy and protein quantification, in vivo and dynamically in diverse conditions. Furthermore, the calmodulin binding peptide tag allows standard detection, affinity purification, and co-purification experiments. These cassettes are therefore very valuable for the versatility of experiments they make available for a given strain, from biochemistry to dynamic and in vivo studies.