85 Besides haematological malignancies, neutropenia and lung or liver transplantation, risk factors for IA include multiple organ dysfunctions, immunocompromised state in severe sepsis, prolonged high-dose systemic steroid therapy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, liver cirrhosis, immunosuppressive therapy for systemic disease, malnutrition and selleckchem prolonged ICU stay.84 Clinical symptoms are largely unspecific, particularly in

patients with early infection. Fever, dry cough, dysp-noea, pleuritic pain or haemoptysis may be observed. Diagnostic modalities include computerised tomography (CT) scanning, fungal antigen detection from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid or serum, and microbiological or histopathological evidence of pulmonary aspergillosis. Detection of new nodular infiltrates on high-resolution or multislice CT images can raise

Roxadustat solubility dmso the suspicion of IA in predisposed patients. However, the halo around suspicious nodules observed in some neutropenic patients with IA is absent or non-specific in patients with normal neutrophil function. Testing for galactomannan (GM), an Aspergillus cell wall component, is established as a diagnostic tool in neutropenic patients with relatively high rates of sensitivity and specificity, in particular when serial tests are performed.86 However in patients with intact neutrophil function, GM sensitivity is much lower: Aspergillus spp. may persist in lung tissue while circulating fungal elements are eliminated by phagocytic cells. Detection of GM in BAL fluid has been shown to be to be a more useful option in ICU patients with sensitivity and specificity exceeding 80% in a small patient population.87 However, the feasibility of serial GM testing

from BAL fluid is limited by the cumbersome procedure required for sampling. According Methisazone to recent therapeutic guidelines of the IDSA,88 therapy of IA primarily involves voriconazole as the agent of choice, as it was shown to achieve superior survival rates in contrast to amphotericin B in a randomised comparative trial.89 Liposomal amphotericin B is considered as an alternative in some patients. Use of echinocandins in primary therapy of IA is not supported by adequate evidence to date. However, this class of agents can be used for salvage treatment.88 Mould-active antifungal prophylaxis is generally not warranted in the ICU population because of the low incidence rates of invasive hyphomycetes infections. AG has served as a member of advisory boards and received honoraria from Astellas, MSD and Pfizer. MK participated in the advisory board of MSD, Pfizer, Gilead and Essex. “
“Disseminated infections caused by members of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) occur regularly in immunocompromised patients. Here, we present the first human case caused by FFSC-member Fusarium andiyazi.