Biosens Bioelectron 2006, 21:1219–1229.CrossRef 28. Zhang SG: Fabrication of novel biomaterials through molecular self-assembly. Nat Biotechnol 2003, 21:1171–1178.CrossRef 29. Gheith MK, Pappas TC, Liopo AV, Sinani VA, Shim BS, Motamedi M, Wicksted JR, Kotov NA: Stimulation of neural cells by lateral layer-by-layer films of single-walled currents

in conductive carbon nanotubes. Adv Mater 2006, 18:2975–2979.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions CHL and GSH are responsible for the concept and design of the study. GSH, CHL, and YWC prepared the manuscript. CHL and YWC performed the experiments and data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background In recent years,

gold nanoparticles www.selleckchem.com/products/Pitavastatin-calcium(Livalo).html (AuNPs) have been of great research interest because of their unique properties, such as size- and shape-dependent optoelectronic, physiochemical, and LCZ696 manufacturer biological properties as well as various potential therapeutic applications. AuNPs possess distinct physical and chemical properties that make them excellent tools for creating novel chemical and biological sensors [1–3]. First, AuNPs can be synthesized using a simple method and made highly stable. Second, they possess unique JNK-IN-8 purchase optoelectronic properties. Third, they provide high surface-to-volume ratios with excellent biocompatibility when using appropriate ligands [1]. Fourth, these AuNP properties can be readily tuned by varying their size and shape as well as the surrounding chemical environment [3]. Because of their stability, oxidation resistance, and biocompatibility, AuNPs have a wide range of potential applications, such as in electronics and photonics, catalysis, information storage, chemical sensing and imaging, drug delivery, and biological labeling [4, 5]. The tuning of AuNPs is an important process to enhance versatility in defining and controlling the shape [5]. Thus, new methodologies are essential for designing shape-controlled synthesis of AuNPs [6–8]. Several synthetic chemical methods have been adopted for AuNP

synthesis, including physical methods, such as attrition and pyrolysis, which were previously utilized for the synthesis of metallic Protein tyrosine phosphatase nanoparticles [9]. Alternatively, chemical methods are the most widely and traditionally used methods and incorporate various reducing agents, such as hydrazine [9] and sodium borohydride [10]. However, many of these methods can be cumbersome and involve the use of toxic chemicals, high temperatures, and pressures and, most importantly, can cause the particles to become unstable or aggregate upon interaction with biological media or biomolecules [11]. At the same time, these approaches produce multi-shaped nanoparticles that require purification by differential centrifugation, and consequently have a low yield [12, 13].