During recording, data from some birds were low-pass filtered at 3 kHz and others at 5 kHz. Because differences in this cutoff frequency

can alter the spike shape (Vigneswaran et al., 2011), we applied a first-order low-pass Butterworth filter with cutoff frequency at 3 kHz to all spike shapes to equalize these differences. All mean this website spike waveforms were cubic spline interpolated to a 2.5 μs sampling interval. The filtering slightly increased the spike widths of all neurons. Thus, our threshold of 425 μs between WS and NS neurons is toward the upper end of the distribution of thresholds used in previous reports (Mitchell et al., 2007; Vigneswaran et al., 2011) but is conservative. Because connectivity and correlation within neural populations depends on cell type (Constantinidis and Goldman-Rakic, 2002; Hofer et al., 2011; Lee et al., 1998), we divided our data set into wide spiking (WS) and

narrow spiking (NS) neurons on the basis of action potential width (trough-to-peak duration; Figures S2Q–S2S) (Barthó et al., 2004; Mitchell et al., 2007). The distribution of action potential widths is bimodal (Hartigan’s dip test, p = 0.041; Figure S2S) (Hartigan and Hartigan, 1985; Mitchell et al., 2007). Based Fulvestrant manufacturer on network interactions and correlations with intracellular properties, previous studies have established that WS and NS neurons correspond to excitatory principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons, respectively (Barthó et al., 2004; Harris et al., 2000; Tamura et al., 2004). Consistent with these classifications, our sample of NS neurons (n = 36) elicited significantly higher spontaneous firing rates (4.61 ± 0.76 Hz) than our sample of WS neurons (n = 98; 1.80 ± 0.21 Hz; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, p = 1.03 × 10−4). Because our sample of simultaneously

recorded pairs of NS neurons was relatively small (n = 17 pairs), we focus our population analysis on pairs of WS neurons (n = 176 pairs from 6 birds). Signal correlations were computed for each pair of neurons as the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between the mean (averaged over trials) firing rates to the four motifs within the task-relevant, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase task-irrelevant, and novel classes. Noise correlations were computed for each individual motif for each pair across trials then averaged for all motifs within a class. Because motifs were variable in duration (range: 565–957 ms, mean: 756 ms) and the size of the analysis window can affect measured correlation values (Cohen and Kohn, 2011), we use only the first 565 ms (the minimum motif duration) of each response in the analyses reported here. We note, however, that reanalyzing our data using the full duration of each motif yields similar patterns of correlations. Motif discrimination ability was assessed using a predictive multinomial logistic regression model (Long, 1997).