ERP results showed that early onsetting old-new effects, between 100 and 300 ms, were observed for emotional but not neutral images in both age groups. Interestingly, these early effects were observed for negative items in the young and for positive items in the old. These ERP findings offer support for the idea that emotional events may be retrieved more automatically than neutral events across the lifespan. Furthermore, we suggest that very early retrieval mechanisms, possibly perceptual priming

or familiarity, may underlie selleck inhibitor the negativity and positivity effects sometimes observed in the young and old, respectively, for various behavioral measures of attention and memory. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The study objective was to determine whether the vasculopathy

seen in nonobstructed lung regions in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is induced by the local blood flow increase or by factors released by the ischemic lung.

Methods: Three groups of 10 piglets were studied 5 weeks after right pulmonary artery ligation, right pneumonectomy, or right pulmonary artery dissection (sham). Pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary arterial vasoreactivity, and morphometry were measured, and gene expressions of factors involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation were quantified.

Results: Left lung blood flow was similarly increased after BLZ945 cell line right pneumonectomy and right pulmonary artery ligation. Compared with right pneumonectomy, right pulmonary artery ligation resulted in left lung vasculopathy with increased pulmonary vascular resistance (P=.0009), medial hypertrophy of the distal pulmonary artery (P<.0001), and decreases in maximal relaxation to acetylcholine Interleukin-3 receptor (P=.013) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene expression (P=.041). These values were similar after sham and right pneumonectomy.

In the left lung, right pulmonary artery ligation increased the gene expressions for insulin-like growth factor (P=.034), platelet-derived growth factor (P=.0006), and vascular endothelial growth factor (P=.0105) compared with right pneumonectomy and sham. Whereas endothelin-1 gene expression was not affected, expressions of endothelin-1 receptors A and B were downregulated after right pneumonectomy (P=.048 and P=.039, respectively) and right pulmonary artery ligation (P=.033 and P=.028, respectively).

Conclusions: Pulmonary vasculopathy was absent in the remaining lung 5 weeks after right pneumonectomy but developed in the nonobstructed lung regions 5 weeks after right pulmonary artery ligation, suggesting that factors released by the ischemic lung induced vascular remodeling in the contralateral lung. This endocrine process may involve the release of factors involved in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.