However, there is also evidence that the prion diseases, such as Creuzfeld-Jacob’s disease and Alzheimer’s, are associated with copper deficiency [14], [15] and [16]. Thus it is important that the reaction between Cu and EGCG is understood as fully as possible, especially if

the chemistry of EGCG mirrors that of GA where precipitation of copper complexes Akt inhibitor occurs at physiological pH values. Although both GA and EGCG belong to the same family of polyphenols, there are important differences in their structures. The structure of GA is simple and consists of a carboxyl group attached to a pyrogallol entity (Fig. 1a). The structure of EGCG is more complex with two pyrogallol groups in the molecular structure (one on ring B and one on ring D (Fig. 1b), and one resorcinol group on ring A, but no free carboxyl group. Therefore the principal objective

of the present investigation was to determine the extent to which the reactions of GA and EGCG with transition metal ions such as Cu(II) follow similar or different pathways, and to gain information on the complex formation of these polyphenols with Cu(II). For example, the formation of di- or polymeric species involving Cu(II) and Epacadostat solubility dmso the carboxylate group was proposed by Ferreira Severino et al. [9] for the identity of the “EPR silent” species in the reaction of Cu(II) with GA, but since there is no free carboxyl group in EGCG, a similar reaction would not be expected with that polyphenol. In the previous report of the reactions between Cu(II) and GA, EPR spectra were only obtained from fluid solutions, since the objective of that investigation was simply to distinguish between the relative importance of redox, complexation and polymerisation reactions at different pH values. No anisotropic (rigid limit) spectral parameters were reported, although these could provide additional information on the Cu coordination environment in the mononuclear complexes. Furthermore, the Cu(II) spectra all showed the presence of linewidth anisotropy as a result of incomplete averaging of the anisotropic spectral parameters through molecular motion, but these were

not analysed in detail apart from the derivation of approximate Protein kinase N1 values for the isotropic g-values and hyperfine coupling constants. However, if the anisotropic values from the rigid limit spectra are available, it is possible to analyse the fluid solution spectral lineshapes to produce rotational correlation times that are related to the molecular masses of the complexes. In the present paper we report the results of a comprehensive EPR spectroscopic investigation of the EGCG/Cu(II) system along with additional measurements on the GA/Cu(II) reaction to extend those reported by Ferreira Severino et al. [9]. Spectra were recorded with fluid and frozen solutions at X-band (~ 9 GHz) and S-band (~ 3 GHz) frequencies for samples with a wide range of pH values and Cu:polyphenol ratios.