\n\nMethods: A retrospective study was undertaken of laboratory confirmed P. vivax infection presenting to the two major tertiary hospitals in Queensland, Australia between January 1999 and January 2011. Primaquine dosing was classified as no dose, low dose (<420 mg), high dose (>= 420 mg), or unknown. The dose of primaquine prescribed to patients who subsequently relapsed that prescribed to patients who did not relapse.\n\nResults: Twenty relapses occurred following 151 primary episodes of P. vivax infection (13.2%). Relapses were confirmed among 3/21 (14.2%), 9/50 (18.0%),

1/54 (1.9%) and 7/18 (38.9%) of patients administered PXD101 chemical structure no dose, low dose, high dose and unknown primaquine dose respectively. CH5183284 order High dose primaquine therapy was associated with a significantly lower rate of relapse compared to patients who were prescribed low dose therapy (OR 11.6, 95% CI 1.5-519, p = 0.005).\n\nConclusions: Relapse of P. vivax infection is more likely in patients who received low dose primaquine therapy. This study supports the recommendations that high

dose primaquine therapy is necessary to minimize relapse of P. vivax malaria.”
“Study Design. Prospective study of 212 patients with groin pain but without low back pain.\n\nObjective. To evaluate discogenic groin pain without low back pain or radicular pain.\n\nSummary of Background Data. Patients feel low back pain originating from discogenic disease. It has been reported that the rat lower lumbar discs are innervated mainly by L2 dorsal root ganglion neurons. Thus, it is possible that patients feel referred groin pain corresponding to the L2 dermatome originating from intervertebral discs; however, the referred pain has not been fully clarified in humans.\n\nMethods.

We selected 5 patients with groin pain alone for investigation. The patients suffered from groin pain and showed disc degeneration only at 1 level (L4-L5 or L5-S1) on magnetic resonance imaging. Patients did not show any hip joint abnormality on radiography or magnetic resonance imaging. Selleck HIF inhibitor To prove that their groin pain originated in degenerated intervertebral discs, we evaluated changes in groin pain after infiltration of lidocaine into hip joints and examined pain provocation on discography, pain relief by anesthetic discoblock, and finally anterior lumbar interbody fusion surgery.\n\nResults. All patients were negative for hip joint block, positive for pain provocation on discography, and positive for pain relief by anesthetic discoblock. Furthermore, bony union was achieved 1 year after anterior interbody fusion surgery in all patients, and visual analogue scale score of groin pain was significantly improved at 1 year after surgery in all patients (P < 0.05).\n\nConclusion.