Moreover, the high virulence trait of Lp12 strains isolated in the spring S must also be taken into consideration. Indeed, a Lp12 strain has already been involved in a legionnaires disease in the past [22]. The whole-genome sequence of this clinical isolate Lp12 strain 570-CO-H has been recently characterized [23]. However, high virulence in amoebae does not completely correlate to high virulence in humans. Thus, higher virulence of environmental strains (Lp1, Lp10 and Lp12) compared to references Lp1 outbreaks strains does not absolutely mean higher risk of legionellosis. This hypothesis needs to this website be validated by further studies to assess the virulence of these environmental isolates

towards human macrophages. Conclusion This study highlights the role of mixed biofilms (protozoan and bacteria) of a site in the multiplication of virulent legionellae. Indeed, it has demonstrated the high virulence of environmental Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 isolates towards amoebae, a natural host in water spring; this is known to enhance Legionella virulence trait towards human macrophages. Moreover, it has shown the persistence

capacity of Legionella pneumophila species in such an ecosystem. Finally, click here it also pointed out the biodiversity of Legionella pneumophila in their natural environment. Methods Environmental isolates Glass slides were dipped into the contaminated spring S of a French Alpine thermal spa. After 15 days of incubation, the glass slides were covered with natural biofilms. These biofilms were harvested by scraping the glass slides and resuspended in 5 mL sterile water. Then, these suspensions were submitted to ultrasounds during 1 min in order to break up the aggregates formed by biofilms and to release bacterial cells. Bacterial suspensions were treated at 50°C during 30 min, and then submitted to an acidic treatment during 5 min by addition of 200 mM KCL/HCl pH 2.0. Aliquots (100 μL) were spread on agar GVPC medium (Oxoid,

France) containing L-cysteine, iron pyrophosphate, ACES, charcoal and antibiotics (polymixin B, vancomycin, cicloheximide). After a 5 day-period incubation at 37°C, bacterial colonies with a fritted glass appearance were picked up and isolated again on GVPC. New independent colonies were picked up ZD1839 clinical trial and suspended in cryotubes containing beads and bacterial preservers for storing at −20°C. The Acanthamoeba castellani strain is an environmental isolate provided by F. Pernin (Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques – Faculté de pharmacie – Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France). Reference bacterial strains Reference strains obtained from the National Centre of Legionella (Bron, France) were used as controls in BI 10773 mw different assays: L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lens, Paris, Lorraine), L. pneumophila ATCC 35096 (sg 8) and ATCC 33155 (sg 3), L. anisa G12108, L. longbeachae ATCC 35096, L. micdadei ATCC 33218 and L. taurinensis ATCC 700508.