Most recently, absence of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii from the ileum of patients with Crohn disease undergoing surgical resection was associated with recurrence of

disease, suggesting a protective role for this commensal organism [10]. Observations linking IBD to an increase in adherent Escherichia coli strains have also been recognized over the past decade [11]. Invasive properties of some of these isolates, including E. coli strain LF82 (serotype O83:H1), led to the proposition that adherent-invasive E. coli strains Paclitaxel solubility dmso (also termed AIEC) are involved in disease pathogenesis [12]. Such an association is supported by the isolation of AIEC from 36% of ileal lesions in post-surgical resection Crohn disease patients, compared to just 6% of healthy controls [13], accompanied by increased prevalence and diversity of AIEC strains in patients with Crohn disease [14]. Although some of the mechanisms by which these bacteria lead to colonization and intestinal injury, such as induction of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell-adhesion molecule (CEACAM)-6 receptor expression by TNF-α [15], have been well BVD-523 clinical trial characterized, other virulence traits remain to be determined. Defects in the structure and function of apical junctional complexes (AJCs) are implicated in both patients with IBD and in animal models of IBD [16, 17]. In this context, the adverse effects of microbes on intercellular

junctions offer potential bridges connecting bacteria to the pathogenesis of IBD. Barrier dysfunction precedes the relapse of Crohn disease in asymptomatic patients [18] and is also seen in unaffected first-degree relatives, who are at increased risk of subsequently

developing the illness [19]. Recent studies demonstrate specific distribution patterns of the tight junction proteins claudin 2, 3, 4, 5, & 8 in IBD patients, which correlate with increased gut permeability [20, 21]. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to define the ability of AIEC strain LF82 to disrupt model Staurosporine nmr epithelial cell polarized Urease monolayers. We describe herein increased permeability of polarized epithelia infected with AIEC as well as morphologic disruption of apical junction complexes. Methods Epithelial cells in tissue culture T84 and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK)-I cells are polarized epithelial cells that form AJCs, resulting in high electrical resistance, and are widely used for studying the effects of bacteria on permeability [22, 23]. T84 human colon cancer epithelial cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s minimal essential medium (DMEM)/F-12, 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2% penicillin-streptomycin, 2% sodium bicarbonate and 0.6% L-glutamine. MDCK-I cells were grown in DMEM, 10% FBS and 2% penicillin-streptomycin (all from Gibco, Grand Island, NY). Cells were maintained in 25 cm2 flasks (Corning Glass Works, Corning, NY) and then grown on 12-well Transwells (6.