A potentially beneficial effect of higher intensity exercise on adipose tissue metabolism, such as HSL gene expression, would provide evidence for creating new guidelines of designing exercise programs in obese individuals. Thus, we tested the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-methyladenine.html hypothesis that caloric restriction plus vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise training would increase adipose tissue HSL gene expression to a greater extent than caloric restriction plus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise

training or caloric restriction alone in obese older women. All women were recruited from the north central area of North Carolina according to the following inclusion/exclusion criteria: (1) overweight or obese (BMI = 25–40 kg/m2 and waist girth > 88 cm), (2) older (age = 50–70 years, and at least one year without menses), (3) non-smoking, (4) not on hormone replacement therapy, (5) sedentary (<15 min of exercise, 2 times/week) in the past 6 months, and (6) weight-stable (<5% weight change) for at least 6 months prior to enrollment. The study was approved by the Wake Forest University Institutional Review Board for Human Research. All women signed informed consent to participate

in the study. Women with evidence of untreated hypertension (blood pressure > 160/90 mmHg), hypertriglyceridemia (triglyce-rides > 400 mg/dL), insulin-dependent diabetes, active cancer, liver, renal or hematological disease were excluded after an initial screening selleck screening library included a medical history review, physical examination, fasting blood profile (lipoprotein lipids, glucose, and insulin) and 12-lead resting electrocardiogram. In addition, all subjects underwent a graded treadmill exercise test to exclude those with an abnormal cardiovascular response to exercise. Fifty women were randomly assigned to either a caloric restriction alone (CR only, n = 16), CR plus moderate-intensity

exercise (CR + moderate-intensity, n = 15), Thymidine kinase or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise (CR + vigorous-intensity, n = 19) intervention for a period of 20 weeks. This sub-study used data from the Diet, Exercise, and Metabolism for Older Women Study, a randomized completed from 2003 to 2007.15, 16, 17 and 18 Baseline measurements of body composition, metabolic variables, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max), and adipose tissue biopsies were performed after at least 2 weeks of weight stability before the interventions. Body composition and VO2max were measured on the same day. Blood draw (for the repeated determination of metabolic variables) and fat biopsies were performed in a morning after an over-night fast, and at least 5 days after the VO2max test. The women were retested in the same manner after the 20-week interventions. The post-intervention blood draw and adipose tissue biopsies occurred at least 2 days after the last exercise session.