No significant difference was noticed between the two kinds of starters at the end of the fermentation. Finally, the ALA content in the fermented milks mainly resulted from its initial concentration in milk and from variation during fermentation and storage. During 7 days of storage at 4 °C, strong difference was observed between the two kinds of fermented milks. The ALA content remained high and stable in organic milk (0.54 ± 0.02%),

whereas it decreased from 0.30 ± 0.02% to 0.24 ± 0.01% in conventional milk. This decrease can be correlated with the increased levels of C18:0 and C18:1, independently of the co-culture used, as a result of modification Selleck Sunitinib of biohydrogenation and desaturation pathways ( Destaillats, Trottier, Galvez, & Angers, 2005). Our study has demonstrated that the use of organic milk allowed more rapid acidification and provided higher PUFA content in the fermented milks and this was related to an improvement of L. bulgaricus growth. In contrast, the MAPK Inhibitor Library nmr growth of S. thermophilus and B. lactis HN019 was not affected by the type of milk. Bacterial concentrations remained stable after 7 days of storage at 4 °C. Acidification process also provided trans-C18:1 and CLA enhancement, together with ALA decrease, at different levels in conventional and organic milks. This result indicates

that bacterial metabolism modified the relative fatty acid milk composition. By combining these differences with the initial fatty acid composition of organic and conventional milks, which depended on variations in dairy diet manipulation, evidently organic fermented milks had higher relative amounts of trans-C18:1 (×1.6), CLA (×1.4) and ALA

(×1.6), than had conventional fermented milks at the end of fermentation and after storage at 4 °C. Consequently, the fatty acid content Vasopressin Receptor of the fermented milks was the result of two factors: initial milk composition and modification during fermentation as a result of bacterial metabolic activities. The higher relative amounts of trans-C18:1, CLA and ALA in organic fermented milks and lower levels of SFA may be considered as desirable from a nutritional perspective. In the future, it will be necessary to identify the specific role of each bacterial species, in pure cultures, in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms that support the changes in fatty acid composition in the fermented milks. The authors acknowledge Danisco Brasil Ltda (Cotia, São Paulo, Brazil) for providing the cultures, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa (FAPESP) and CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) Brazil, for the PhD fellowships of Ana Carolina R. Florence and Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) for financial support. “
“Roughly one-third of the edible parts of food produced for human consumption gets lost or wasted globally, which is about 1.