Written consent given and documented regarding treatment option to be pursued. □ Done □ Not done “
“Aim: To investigate whether gut bacteria translocation occurs in end-stage renal disease patients and contributes to microinflammation in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: nondialysed ESRD patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 10). Blood samples from all participants were subjected to
bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA amplification click here and DNA pyrosequencing to determine the presence of bacteria, and the alteration of gut microbiomes were examined with the same methods. High-sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were detected. Plasma D-lactate was tested for gut permeability. Results: Bacterial DNAs were detected in the blood of 20% (6/30) of the ESRD patients. All the observed genera in blood (Klebsiella spp, Proteus spp, Escherichia spp, Enterobacter Everolimus molecular weight spp, and Pseudomonas spp) were overgrown
in the guts of the ESRD patients. Plasma D-lactate, High-sensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with bacterial DNA than those without. The control group showed the same results as that of patients without bacterial DNA. Conclusion: Bacterial translocation occurs in ESRD patients and is associated with microinflammation in end stage renal disease. “
“Aim: To further reveal the effects of leflunomide on renal protection and on inflammatory response using streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC), diabetic group (DM) and leflunomide Megestrol Acetate treatment group (LEF). LEF group rats were given leflunomide (5 mg/kg)
once daily. At the end of the 12th week, general biochemical parameters in three groups were determined. The renal histopathology was observed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Further biochemical analysis of the gene and protein expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and ED-1 positive cells in renal tissue were provided using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with NC group rats, systolic blood pressure, blood glucose (BG), glycohemoglobin (HbAlc), renal hypertrophy index, urine albumin excretion rate (AER) and serum creatinine were increased in DM group rats (P < 0.05). Treatment with leflunomide can improve these parameters except systolic blood pressure, BG and HbAlc. Creatinine clearance rate (Ccr) in the DM group was significantly lower than that of the NC group, and leflunomide can increase its level. Compared with DM group rats, the pathological damages were significantly relieved in LEF group rats.