The structure and the main content were derived from the HAL. Additionally, items of the Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire and the Activity Scale for

Kids were considered for inclusion. This version was evaluated by health professionals (n = 6), patients (n = 4), and parents (n = 3). A pilot test in a sample of 32 Dutch children was performed to assess score distribution, construct validity (Spearman’s rho) and reproducibility. Administration of the pedhal was feasible for children from the age of 4 years onwards. The pedhal scores of the Dutch children were in the high RG 7204 end of the scale, reflecting a good functional status. Most subscales showed moderate associations with the joint examination (rho = 0.42–0.63) and moderate-to-good associations with the physical function subscale of the CHQ-50 (rho = 0.48–0.74). No significant associations were found for the pedhal and the subscales mental health and behaviour, except for the subscales leisure and sport and mental health (rho = 0.47). Test–retest agreement was good. The pedhal is a promising tool, but further testing in populations

with a higher level of disability is warranted to study the full range of its psychometric properties. “
“In Australia prior to 1992, many patients with bleeding disorders were exposed to hepatitis C through blood products. However, the incidence, complications and response to treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in this population are poorly characterized. The aim of this study was to examine GS-1101 chemical structure the prevalence of CHC and response to treatment in an Australian bleeding disorders population. 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 Demographic data, virological data and liver disease status from these 700 patients with inherited

bleeding disorders were analysed. Of these 700 patients, 424 (61%) had been tested for CHC infection and 219 (52%) were hepatitis C antibody positive, with the prevalence approaching 100% in patients with severe bleeding disorders. Of 219 patients, 73 (33%) had received treatment for their infection with a response rate of 33/73 (45%) across all genotypes. Of 219 patients, 34 (16%) had spontaneous viral clearance. When measured with transient elastography, 44/98 (45%) patients with CHC had significant liver fibrosis and 15/98 (15%) had liver cirrhosis. Of 130 patients, 38 (29%) with CHC infection had no evidence of follow-up with an appropriate clinician in the past 2 years. This study demonstrates that testing for CHC in this population is incomplete and treatment rates are low. Given the substantial morbidity and mortality associated with CHC and new therapeutic options becoming available, it seems important to reengage patients to diagnose, offer treatment and monitor this infection. “
“Haemophilia patients with inhibitors require bypassing agents (BPA) like activated prothrombin complex concentrate (aPCC) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) to control bleeds.

01) but did not reach statistical significance compared to the water group. Conclusion: The use of simethicone given before endoscopy provided better mucosal visibility requiring lesser PI3K inhibitor volume of water flushes and shorter procedure time. Key Word(s): 1. Simethicone; 2. mucosal visibility; 3. endoscopy Presenting Author: OSAMU DOHI Additional Authors: ATSUSHI MAJIMA,

YURIKO ONOZAWA, TOMOKO KITAICHI, YUSUKE HORII, KENTARO SUZUKI, AKIRA TOMIE, KAZUHIRO KAMADA, NOBUAKI YAGI, YUJI NAITO, YOSHITO ITOH Corresponding Author: OSAMU DOHI Affiliations: Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Murakami Memorial Hospital Asahi University, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Objective: Blue LASER Imaging (BLI) is a new image-enhanced endoscopy with a laser light source developed for narrow-band light observation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of BLI for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Methods: We prospectively analyzed 110

gastric lesions that were examined with both the conventional endoscopy with white-light image (C-WLI) observation and magnifying endoscopy with BLI (M-BLI) observation at Kyoto Tanespimycin nmr Prefectural University of Medicine between November 2012 and May 2014. The diagnostic criteria of gastric cancer using C-WLI were both an irregular margin and an irregular mucosal area. The diagnostic criteria of gastric cancer using ME-BLI were an irregular microvascular (MV) pattern and/or irregular microsurface (MS) MCE pattern with the demarcation line evaluated by VS classification system. The lesions were taken biopsies after M-BLI observation following C-WLI observation. We evaluated the correlations between

the diagnosis of M-BLI and that of histopathology, compared with the correlations between the diagnosis of C-WLI and that of histopathology. Results: We analyzed 110 detected lesions (23 cancers and 87 noncancers). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of high confidence M-BLI diagnoses were 93.6, 91.3 and 94.3%, respectively. Most of the false positive cases were depressed mucosal lesions with the histopathological diagnosis of regenerative gland in pyloric/fundic mucosa with inflammatory cell infiltration. On the other hand, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of C-WLI diagnoses were 88.1, 56.5 and 96.6%, respectively. Conclusion: M-BLI was useful for the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of early gastric cancer compared with C-WLI. Key Word(s): 1. BLI; 2. VS classification; 3.

01) but did not reach statistical significance compared to the water group. Conclusion: The use of simethicone given before endoscopy provided better mucosal visibility requiring lesser selleck volume of water flushes and shorter procedure time. Key Word(s): 1. Simethicone; 2. mucosal visibility; 3. endoscopy Presenting Author: OSAMU DOHI Additional Authors: ATSUSHI MAJIMA,

YURIKO ONOZAWA, TOMOKO KITAICHI, YUSUKE HORII, KENTARO SUZUKI, AKIRA TOMIE, KAZUHIRO KAMADA, NOBUAKI YAGI, YUJI NAITO, YOSHITO ITOH Corresponding Author: OSAMU DOHI Affiliations: Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Murakami Memorial Hospital Asahi University, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Objective: Blue LASER Imaging (BLI) is a new image-enhanced endoscopy with a laser light source developed for narrow-band light observation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of BLI for the diagnosis of early gastric cancer. Methods: We prospectively analyzed 110

gastric lesions that were examined with both the conventional endoscopy with white-light image (C-WLI) observation and magnifying endoscopy with BLI (M-BLI) observation at Kyoto Selleckchem Dasatinib Prefectural University of Medicine between November 2012 and May 2014. The diagnostic criteria of gastric cancer using C-WLI were both an irregular margin and an irregular mucosal area. The diagnostic criteria of gastric cancer using ME-BLI were an irregular microvascular (MV) pattern and/or irregular microsurface (MS) 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 pattern with the demarcation line evaluated by VS classification system. The lesions were taken biopsies after M-BLI observation following C-WLI observation. We evaluated the correlations between

the diagnosis of M-BLI and that of histopathology, compared with the correlations between the diagnosis of C-WLI and that of histopathology. Results: We analyzed 110 detected lesions (23 cancers and 87 noncancers). The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of high confidence M-BLI diagnoses were 93.6, 91.3 and 94.3%, respectively. Most of the false positive cases were depressed mucosal lesions with the histopathological diagnosis of regenerative gland in pyloric/fundic mucosa with inflammatory cell infiltration. On the other hand, the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of C-WLI diagnoses were 88.1, 56.5 and 96.6%, respectively. Conclusion: M-BLI was useful for the diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity of early gastric cancer compared with C-WLI. Key Word(s): 1. BLI; 2. VS classification; 3.

In addition to the potential mating behavior described above, there is evidence that calving may be occurring north off Isla de Chiloé. A mother with a young calf was recorded nearshore on 22 October 2010 at 41º27′S, 73º51′W, about 18

nmi north of Isla de Chiloé. The video was reviewed by southern right whale experts,12 who reported that the smaller whale had the typical head shape of a calf, and that its body length appeared to be less than half of its mother’s body length. Other features that indicated that the smaller whale was a young calf were the shape of its blow holes, its wide back and its typical following behavior shown by young calves. Based on these observations, they agreed this animal was a calf born in 2010, and was probably <3 mo old. This is the southernmost record of mother-calf pair for this population. A possible birth occurred in central Chile (33º34′S, 71º48′W) in 1991, based on the sudden appearance of a small Selleck PD98059 calf with a female that was previously seen alone.3 Clarke (1965) also observed a female and calf pair off Cartagena (33º32′S, 71º37′W) in August 1964. Although the data are limited, one small area in southern Chile appears to be more utilized by right whales than previously thought. Sixteen sightings have been reported off Chile south of 40ºS, with six of them in a small area off northwestern

Isla de Chiloé and five of them south of Isla de Chiloé (Table 1). Isla de Chiloé is the northern limit of the Chilean fjord system and was a former whaling ground for southern Selleck SCH772984 right whales. Between 1830 and 1832, 91 British whaling vessels operated around Isla de Chiloé (Gay 1847). Today, fewer than 1,000 people live in the coastal area of northwestern Isla de Chiloé and only about 10% of

them are involved in marine activities such as fishing, making it significant that 6 (6%) of the 108 sightings off Chile and Peru since 1964 were in this small area. In addition, the fact that at least six different individuals MCE were recorded between 20 September and 21 October 2011 (Fig. 3), potential reproductive behavior has been observed, and the southernmost record of a female-calf pair was just 18 nmi north of Isla de Chiloé, strongly suggest that northwestern Isla de Chiloé is an important area, although with as yet undetermined boundaries. Coastal and marine large-scale development projects may negatively impact these southern right whales, through habitat loss, marine degradation, or even direct mortality. Laist et al. (2001) suggested that right whales may be more vulnerable to ship strikes than other species because of their behavior, such as skim feeding, nursing, and mating, which occur at the surface. Mothers and calves may be the most vulnerable because they spend more time at or near the surface than other classes of right whales. Further, North Atlantic right whales did not respond to the playback of ship sounds (Nowacek et al.

In addition to the potential mating behavior described above, there is evidence that calving may be occurring north off Isla de Chiloé. A mother with a young calf was recorded nearshore on 22 October 2010 at 41º27′S, 73º51′W, about 18

nmi north of Isla de Chiloé. The video was reviewed by southern right whale experts,12 who reported that the smaller whale had the typical head shape of a calf, and that its body length appeared to be less than half of its mother’s body length. Other features that indicated that the smaller whale was a young calf were the shape of its blow holes, its wide back and its typical following behavior shown by young calves. Based on these observations, they agreed this animal was a calf born in 2010, and was probably <3 mo old. This is the southernmost record of mother-calf pair for this population. A possible birth occurred in central Chile (33º34′S, 71º48′W) in 1991, based on the sudden appearance of a small Doxorubicin datasheet calf with a female that was previously seen alone.3 Clarke (1965) also observed a female and calf pair off Cartagena (33º32′S, 71º37′W) in August 1964. Although the data are limited, one small area in southern Chile appears to be more utilized by right whales than previously thought. Sixteen sightings have been reported off Chile south of 40ºS, with six of them in a small area off northwestern

Isla de Chiloé and five of them south of Isla de Chiloé (Table 1). Isla de Chiloé is the northern limit of the Chilean fjord system and was a former whaling ground for southern check details right whales. Between 1830 and 1832, 91 British whaling vessels operated around Isla de Chiloé (Gay 1847). Today, fewer than 1,000 people live in the coastal area of northwestern Isla de Chiloé and only about 10% of

them are involved in marine activities such as fishing, making it significant that 6 (6%) of the 108 sightings off Chile and Peru since 1964 were in this small area. In addition, the fact that at least six different individuals 上海皓元 were recorded between 20 September and 21 October 2011 (Fig. 3), potential reproductive behavior has been observed, and the southernmost record of a female-calf pair was just 18 nmi north of Isla de Chiloé, strongly suggest that northwestern Isla de Chiloé is an important area, although with as yet undetermined boundaries. Coastal and marine large-scale development projects may negatively impact these southern right whales, through habitat loss, marine degradation, or even direct mortality. Laist et al. (2001) suggested that right whales may be more vulnerable to ship strikes than other species because of their behavior, such as skim feeding, nursing, and mating, which occur at the surface. Mothers and calves may be the most vulnerable because they spend more time at or near the surface than other classes of right whales. Further, North Atlantic right whales did not respond to the playback of ship sounds (Nowacek et al.

With a lower lion density, a high density of other prey and better visibility, we expected lower lion predation in Kirawira. Giraffes were photographed and later identified using the coat markings unique to each animal (Foster, 1966). Individual identifications, done by eye, were double-checked using Wild ID pattern-matching software for giraffes (Bolger et al., 2012).

No individuals were observed in more than 1 study area during the sampling period. Most giraffes Vismodegib were sighted multiple times. Using a suite of physical characteristics, including body shape, relative length of the neck and legs, ossicone (horn) characteristics and height, giraffes were categorized into 3 age classes: calf (0–1 year), subadult (1–5 years) or adult (>5 years). For a more fine-scale analysis, subadults were aged to ±1 year by comparing each individual with a sample of known-aged giraffes of the same sex. Height measurements were compared against age–height curves for Serengeti giraffes (Pellew, 1983a). We measured height with a Haglöf electronic clinometer (Haglof Company Group, Långsele, Sweden) (accuracy of ±0.1 m), calibrated by the distance from the observer to the giraffe, which, in turn, was measured with a Bushnell range finder (Bushnell Corporation, Overland Park,

KS, USA) (accuracy of ±1 m). Selleck Stem Cell Compound Library Height, from the ground to the top of the ossicones, was measured with the giraffe standing in an upright posture. Height measurements were only taken when a giraffe could be approached closely and remained still long enough for an accurate reading. We recorded the size and composition of giraffe herds, defined as individuals feeding, socializing and/or moving together

MCE公司 (solitary individual equals herd size of 1). Herd members could be dispersed over 1 km, but were usually within close proximity. For each giraffe, we calculated that individual’s ‘mean herd size’ – a measure of social behavior. For example, if individual with identification code SF1 was observed in 5 herds of sizes 1, 5, 10, 5 and 2, SF1′s mean herd size would be equal to 4.6. A total of 917 individual giraffes were identified during this study. Photographs of 702 giraffes (132 calves, 187 subadults and 383 adults) were inspected for predation marks. These data were used to calculate predation-mark prevalence. Individuals (n = 215) with unsatisfactory photographs were excluded. Calves were rarely excluded and males were excluded slightly more often than females because some males were seen infrequently or only at a distance. Two classes of predation marks were recorded: unambiguous lion claw marks and ambiguous marks. We defined unambiguous claw marks as sets of parallel incisions/scars, or as long scars extending over multiple, usually adjacent, body regions. Figure 1 illustrates the appearance of lion claw marks on 2 herbivore species, zebra Equus burchelli and eland Taurotragus oryx, and Fig.

The goal was to prevent this website further accumulation of potentially hepatotoxic Δ4−3-oxo bile acids. Cholic acid was administered orally in an empiric dose (10-15 mg/kg/day) and titrated against the desired biochemical response of a reduction or disappearance of atypical metabolites in urine measured by FAB-MS. Indeed,

cholic acid therapy was found to down-regulate endogenous bile acid synthesis by way of feedback inhibition of cholesterol 7α-hydroxlase and Δ4−3-oxo bile acids disappeared. The twins recovered, thrived, and grew and developed normally. At present there are nine known primary defects in bile acid biosynthesis; each is specifically reflected by precursor accumulation and excretion of unusual metabolites. For most of the defects molecular confirmation has been accomplished by gene sequencing. In affected patients oral bile acid replacement therapy is lifesaving and is effective in reversing liver

injury, as in the initial twins.[37, 64, 65, 71, 72] Inborn errors in bile acid synthesis account for at least 2% of the cases of liver disease in infants, children, and adolescents, making this an important and specific check details category of metabolic liver disease.[37, 64, 65] 3β-hydroxy-Δ5-C27-steroid oxidoreductase deficiency (3β-HSD), the most common inborn error of bile acid biosynthesis, is usually manifest in early childhood; however, it has recently been described in adults.[73, 74] Molho-Pessach et al.[74] reported a 24-year-old woman with 上海皓元 cirrhosis of unknown etiology whose sister and cousin died of cirrhosis at ages 19 and 6 years. The diagnosis of 3β-HSD deficiency was confirmed and the affected family members were found to be homozygous for a mutant allele inherited identical-by-descent. These cases illustrate the wide variation in expressivity of 3β-HSD deficiency and underscore the need to consider a bile acid synthetic defect as a possible cause of liver disease in patients of all ages. A unifying stimulus leading to the development of the field of Pediatric Hepatology was the

shared goal of defining the nature of the syndromes of intrahepatic cholestasis, a heterogeneous subset of neonatal cholestatic diseases, each representing a series of specific syndromes with different prognostic implications. The beginning of wisdom is to call things by the right names. —Chinese Proverb In the past 20 years the discovery of defects and genes involved in hereditary forms of intrahepatic cholestasis has advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms of bile secretion and further clarified the nature of many forms of “idiopathic neonatal hepatitis.” The understanding of the importance of defective bile acid synthesis and transport in the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis allowed further deciphering of the spectrum of disorders traditionally known as “PFIC.” The clinical and pathologic features, as well as the natural progression of this family of disorders, were highly variable. Therefore, the term was de facto imprecise.

A critical player in each of these processes is the p53 tumor GDC-0980 mw suppressor, which provides surveillance against cellular insults of many types and may induce G1 arrest and cellular senescence in response to tetraploidy or missegregated chromosomes.9, 10 p53 and its close relative, p73, are also linked to the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, as both proteins interact with kinetochore and spindle checkpoint proteins.7, 11, 12 In fact, combined loss

of p53 and p73 leads to increased polyploidy and aneuploidy in primary cultured cells9 and results in a higher incidence of tumor development in mouse liver.13 The striking tolerance of the liver for altered ploidy leads to consideration of whether a tetraploid checkpoint exists in hepatocytes. We addressed this question by analysis of checkpoint mediator p53, and characterized the synchronized

process of cellular proliferation and growth that CH5424802 order occurs to regenerate the liver in response to PH in both WT and p53-null mice. Our results reveal that p53 alters levels of hepatocyte ploidy during liver regeneration and aging. Although chromosome segregation errors are common in WT hepatocytes expressing p53, these errors (e.g., abnormal mitotic figures and lagging chromosomes) are even more frequent in hepatocytes deficient for p53. Since p53′s effects may be mediated by context-specific, mitotic regulators,14 we examined whether p53 regulated expression of mediators of hepatic cell division in normal and regenerating liver. We identified Aurora kinase A (Aurka), Forkhead-box transcription factor Foxm1, regulator of cytokinesis Lats2, and Polo-like kinases (Plk2 and Plk4) as directly regulated by p53 in quiescent liver, a mitotic transcription program that is altered during liver regeneration. Thus, our findings suggest that p53 plays a role in controlling

levels of hepatic polyploidy/aneuploidy by direct transcription regulation of multiple downstream effectors. ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; p53RE, p53 response element; PCR, polymerase 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 chain reaction; PH, partial hepatectomy; WT, wild-type. PH to remove 70% of total liver tissue, or Sham surgery was performed using isoflurane anesthesia, as described.15 5-7 C57Bl6/Sv129 F1 mice, WT or p53−/−, 2 months of age, were used for each experimental condition according to The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. p53 knockout mice were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, or 7 days following PH and sham surgery; remnant liver tissue was harvested, flash-frozen, and processed for RNA, immunoblot, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses. Liver/body weight ratios were calculated to determine the recovery of liver mass. ChIP analyses were performed as described.

A critical player in each of these processes is the p53 tumor selleck compound suppressor, which provides surveillance against cellular insults of many types and may induce G1 arrest and cellular senescence in response to tetraploidy or missegregated chromosomes.9, 10 p53 and its close relative, p73, are also linked to the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint, as both proteins interact with kinetochore and spindle checkpoint proteins.7, 11, 12 In fact, combined loss

of p53 and p73 leads to increased polyploidy and aneuploidy in primary cultured cells9 and results in a higher incidence of tumor development in mouse liver.13 The striking tolerance of the liver for altered ploidy leads to consideration of whether a tetraploid checkpoint exists in hepatocytes. We addressed this question by analysis of checkpoint mediator p53, and characterized the synchronized

process of cellular proliferation and growth that learn more occurs to regenerate the liver in response to PH in both WT and p53-null mice. Our results reveal that p53 alters levels of hepatocyte ploidy during liver regeneration and aging. Although chromosome segregation errors are common in WT hepatocytes expressing p53, these errors (e.g., abnormal mitotic figures and lagging chromosomes) are even more frequent in hepatocytes deficient for p53. Since p53′s effects may be mediated by context-specific, mitotic regulators,14 we examined whether p53 regulated expression of mediators of hepatic cell division in normal and regenerating liver. We identified Aurora kinase A (Aurka), Forkhead-box transcription factor Foxm1, regulator of cytokinesis Lats2, and Polo-like kinases (Plk2 and Plk4) as directly regulated by p53 in quiescent liver, a mitotic transcription program that is altered during liver regeneration. Thus, our findings suggest that p53 plays a role in controlling

levels of hepatic polyploidy/aneuploidy by direct transcription regulation of multiple downstream effectors. ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation; p53RE, p53 response element; PCR, polymerase MCE公司 chain reaction; PH, partial hepatectomy; WT, wild-type. PH to remove 70% of total liver tissue, or Sham surgery was performed using isoflurane anesthesia, as described.15 5-7 C57Bl6/Sv129 F1 mice, WT or p53−/−, 2 months of age, were used for each experimental condition according to The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. p53 knockout mice were sacrificed 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, or 7 days following PH and sham surgery; remnant liver tissue was harvested, flash-frozen, and processed for RNA, immunoblot, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses. Liver/body weight ratios were calculated to determine the recovery of liver mass. ChIP analyses were performed as described.

Similar taxonomic trends were observed for the ρssCu. Although the Cu:C ratios were Opaganib in vivo not significantly

higher in oceanic strains, there are five independent lines of evidence supporting a more important role of Cu in the physiology of the oceanic phytoplankton. The mixed-effect model indicated a significant Cu effect on the growth rates and ρssCu of the oceanic strains, but not the coastal strains. In addition, lowering the Cu concentration in the media decreased the Cu quotas and ρssCu of the oceanic strains to a greater extent (5.5- and 5.4-fold, respectively) than those of the coastals (3.8- and 4.7-fold, respectively). Iron limitation only had a significant effect on the Cu quotas of the oceanic strains, and this effect was dependent

on Cu level and taxonomic class. Our results highlight a complex physiological interaction between Fe and Cu in marine phytoplankton. “
“Egg and sperm binding and correct recognition is the first stage for successful fertilization. In red algae, spermatial attachment to female trichogynes is mediated by a specific binding between the lectin(s) distributed on the surface of trichogyne and the complementary carbohydrates on the spermatial surface. A female-specific lectin was isolated from Aglaothamnion callophyllidicola by agarose-bound fetuin affinity chromatography. Two proteins, 50 and 14 kDa, eluted from the fetuin column were separated using a native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis method and subjected to a Selleckchem Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library gamete binding assay. The 50 kDa protein, which blocked spermatial binding to female trichogynes, was used for further analysis. Internal

amino acid sequence of the 50 kDa protein was analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry and degenerated primers were designed based on the information. A full-length cDNA encoding the lectin was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The cDNA was 1552 bp in length and coded for a protein of 450 amino acids with a deduced molecular mass of 50.7 kDa, which agreed well with the protein 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 data. Real-time PCR analysis showed that this protein was up-regulated about 10-fold in female thalli. As the protein was novel and showed no significant homology to any known proteins, it was designated Rhodobindin. “
“The enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is very important in prenylquinone biosynthesis in all photosynthetic organisms. In this study, we present the functional characterization and expression analysis of HPPD from the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. Recombinant HPPD1 enzyme was purified and characterized. Kinetic analysis revealed a Km of 49 μM for p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, similar to other HPPDs.