Results:  RE was detected in

eight subjects and esophageal ulcer in one subject. The severity of RE, according to the Los Angeles classification, was grade A in one subject, B in four, C in two and D in one. All nine subjects (8.9%) with RE and esophageal ulcer were negative for Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastric ulcer was detected in 12 subjects (six H. pylori positive, six negative) and duodenal ulcer in four (one H. pylori positive, three negative). The incidence of gastroduodenal ulcer was 15.8% (16/101). The incidence of esophageal and gastric cancers was high at 5.9% (6/101). Subjects were surveyed using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale, with no differences in scores for acid reflux, abdominal pain or indigestion according to the presence or absence of RE, gastric ulceration or duodenal ulceration.

Conclusion:  Upper gastrointestinal mucosal NVP-AUY922 chemical structure injuries and neoplasm were found in not only the stomach, but also the esophagus and duodenum in LDA taking subjects. These results emphasize the importance of endoscopic surveillance in patients on LDA therapy. “
“Snider NT, Weerasinghe SV, Singla A, Leonard JM, Hanada S, Andrews PC, et al. Energy determinants GAPDH and NDPK act as genetic modifiers for hepatocyte inclusion formation. J Cell Biol 2011;195: 217-229. PD-0332991 molecular weight (Reprinted with permission.) Genetic factors impact liver injury susceptibility and disease progression. Prominent histological features of some chronic human liver diseases are hepatocyte medchemexpress ballooning and Mallory-Denk bodies. In mice, these features are induced by 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) in a strain-dependent manner, with the C57BL and C3H strains showing high and low susceptibility, respectively. To identify modifiers of DDC-induced liver injury, we compared C57BL and C3H mice using proteomic, biochemical, and cell biological tools. DDC elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress enzymes preferentially in C57BL

livers and isolated hepatocytes. C57BL livers and hepatocytes also manifested significant down-regulation, aggregation, and nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). GAPDH knockdown depleted bioenergetic and antioxidant enzymes and elevated hepatocyte ROS, whereas GAPDH overexpression decreased hepatocyte ROS. On the other hand, C3H livers had higher expression and activity of the energy-generating nucleoside-diphosphate kinase (NDPK), and knockdown of hepatocyte NDPK augmented DDC-induced ROS formation. Consistent with these findings, cirrhotic, but not normal, human livers contained GAPDH aggregates and NDPK complexes. We propose that GAPDH and NDPK are genetic modifiers of murine DDC-induced liver injury and potentially human liver disease.

These results indicate that inactivation of ASPP1 and ASPP2 by hypermethylation is a frequent event in the early development of HCC. The ASPP2 gene was found more frequently down-regulated and methylated than the ASPP1 gene in HCC tissues. Moreover, HCCs harboring wildtype p53 more frequently had decreased expression of ASPP2. Knock-down of ASPP2 was more effective in promoting the growth of HCC cells in soft-agar and in nude mice. Thus, ASPP2 might play a more important role in the regulation of tumor development in HCC. ASPP2 was first identified as 53BP2, which contains the C-terminus part of ASPP2.30

The importance of ASPP2 in tumor suppression was recently identified Copanlisib clinical trial in ASPP2-deficient mice.31 ASPP2 heterozygous mice had a 45% tumor incidence over their lifespan, which was three times that in wildtype mice. ASPP2 heterozygous Compound Library mice also had an increased susceptibility to γ-irradiation-induced tumor development. Besides p53, several proteins have been found to interact with ASPP2, such as Bcl-2, RelA/p65, and hepatitis C virus core protein.32–35 A recent study has found that Drosophila ASPP (dASPP) could interact physically with C-terminal Src kinase (Csk).36 These interactions might contribute to ASPP2-induced cell

survival and proliferation. However, the biological significance of these interactions needs to be explored further. HBx has been found to promote hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes like 上海皓元 IGFBP-3 and E-cadherin by activation of DNMTs, and recruitment of DNMTs and methyl-CpG binding proteins to the promoters.21, 23 Recently, HBx was found to have a direct interaction with DNMT3A to regulate gene expression epigenetically.24 It has been found that the methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) protein, MBD1, formed a complex with histone H3-K9 methylase SETDB1 and chromatin assembly factor CAF-1 to regulate ASPP2 expression.37 Here we found that ASPP1 and ASPP2 were differentially regulated by HBx. Overexpression

of HBx induced methylation of ASPP2, but not ASPP1. Further analysis revealed that DNMT1 and DNMT3A were recruited to the ASPP2 promoter, but not to the ASPP1 promoter. Thus, the differential regulation of ASPP1 and ASPP2 methylation by HBx might be due to the lacking of DNMTs binding with the ASPP1 promoter. Overexpression of HBx also recruited MeCP2 and MBD1 to the ASPP2 promoter, and released acetylated histone H3 from the ASPP2 promoter. Therefore, HBx might repress ASPP2 expression through regulating the binding of DNMTs and MBD proteins on the ASPP2 promoter. In this study, we demonstrate that methylation-induced ASPP1 and ASPP2 silence play important roles in the development of HCC, which might serve as potent targets for the development of anti-HCC therapy.

In Doxorubicin clinical trial addition, elastin is found generally throughout the acinus, as is type I8 collagen, a form of HS-PG; both are closely associated with the blood vessels. The behavior of hHpSCs and feeders parallels that observed during liver development and that occurring between the parenchyma and mesenchymal cells in the space of Disse.14 Our data on matrix components in immunoselected angioblasts from fetal livers show that they produce low levels of collagens (only type III collagen was

found by immunohistochemistry) as well as one isoform of laminin (A4), elastin, HAs, syndecan, and CS-PG (only CS-PG was detected by immunohistochemistry). Those from adult livers have higher levels of syndecan, type IV collagen, elevated levels of laminin A4, and fibronectin. The endothelial cells (CD31+) from fetal livers make all the tested forms of HS-PGs, low levels of type I, III, and V collagens, and laminin B2. Those from adult livers express

the highest observed levels of HS-PG2 and syndecan, type I and IV collagens, high levels of the laminins A4 and some fibronectin, and very high levels of elastin. There are multiple stellate cell subpopulations. The stellate cell precursors appear to be derived from angioblasts, as evidenced by the proximity of the precursors at the edges of the angioblast Selleckchem RG7204 colonies, by the sharing of markers such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, β3-integrin, and CD146,20, 21 and, if serum is present transiently or permanently, by

the transition of primary cultures of immunoselected angioblasts to cultures dominated by activated stellate cells within a few days in culture. Although we cannot exclude culture selection for a preexisting, initially minor subpopulation of activated stellate cells, we propose that the net sum of medchemexpress the evidence implicates a lineage connection between angioblasts and stellate cells. Efforts are ongoing to assess this hypothesis. The stellate cell/myofibroblast subpopulations are in a maturational lineage with overlapping but also distinct characteristics, which include the cell length or size, position of the nucleus, level of expression of CD146 and other markers (e.g., ASMA and desmin), extent of intermediate filaments and desmosomes, and compositions and levels of their matrix components. Those from fetal livers have the previously reported characteristics,21 and those from adult livers have a phenotype of pericytes or myofibroblasts.

In Bortezomib addition, elastin is found generally throughout the acinus, as is type I8 collagen, a form of HS-PG; both are closely associated with the blood vessels. The behavior of hHpSCs and feeders parallels that observed during liver development and that occurring between the parenchyma and mesenchymal cells in the space of Disse.14 Our data on matrix components in immunoselected angioblasts from fetal livers show that they produce low levels of collagens (only type III collagen was

found by immunohistochemistry) as well as one isoform of laminin (A4), elastin, HAs, syndecan, and CS-PG (only CS-PG was detected by immunohistochemistry). Those from adult livers have higher levels of syndecan, type IV collagen, elevated levels of laminin A4, and fibronectin. The endothelial cells (CD31+) from fetal livers make all the tested forms of HS-PGs, low levels of type I, III, and V collagens, and laminin B2. Those from adult livers express

the highest observed levels of HS-PG2 and syndecan, type I and IV collagens, high levels of the laminins A4 and some fibronectin, and very high levels of elastin. There are multiple stellate cell subpopulations. The stellate cell precursors appear to be derived from angioblasts, as evidenced by the proximity of the precursors at the edges of the angioblast selleck screening library colonies, by the sharing of markers such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, β3-integrin, and CD146,20, 21 and, if serum is present transiently or permanently, by

the transition of primary cultures of immunoselected angioblasts to cultures dominated by activated stellate cells within a few days in culture. Although we cannot exclude culture selection for a preexisting, initially minor subpopulation of activated stellate cells, we propose that the net sum of MCE the evidence implicates a lineage connection between angioblasts and stellate cells. Efforts are ongoing to assess this hypothesis. The stellate cell/myofibroblast subpopulations are in a maturational lineage with overlapping but also distinct characteristics, which include the cell length or size, position of the nucleus, level of expression of CD146 and other markers (e.g., ASMA and desmin), extent of intermediate filaments and desmosomes, and compositions and levels of their matrix components. Those from fetal livers have the previously reported characteristics,21 and those from adult livers have a phenotype of pericytes or myofibroblasts.

Although in general the NAFLD patients considered asymptomatic, there has no any research study about the

quality of life and it’s affecting factors on NAFLD patients in Indonesia. To find out the factors affecting the quality of life on NAFLD patients. Methods: This is an analytic-observational research with cross-sectional design. Research participants are NAFLD patients in RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Data were collected via interview using SF-36 Cobimetinib supplier RAND questionnaire. Diagnosis of NAFLD and severity by liver biopsy accordingly NAFLD activity score (NAS). Data were then analyzed using Anova or Independent Sample T test. In non-parametric analysis, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. Results: 28 participants were enrolled in this research. SF-36 (RAND) score did not differ by sex (p: 0.632), age (p: 0.993), education this website (p: 0.383), marital status (p: 0.488) and NAS (NAFLD activity score) (p: 0.834). Conclusion: SF-36 RAND score did not differ by sex, age, education, marital status and NAFLD activity score. Key Word(s): 1. NAFLD activity score; 2. quality of life Presenting Author: MADHUSUDAN SAHA Additional Authors: ABDULLAH AL MAMUN, SIDDHARTHA

PAUL, KHALEDA BEGUM, AVICK HALDER, FARHANA AFROZ, NADIRA DILRUBA HOQUE Corresponding Author: MADHUSUDAN SAHA Affiliations: Dhaka Medical College, North East Medical College, Dhaka Medical College, Jalalabad Ragib Rabeya Medical College, North East Medical College, Dhaka Medical College Objective: To see incidence of depressive illness among

patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms in a tertiary care hospital in North East part of Bangladesh Methods: Consecutive adult patients presenting with various gastrointestinal symptoms were included. In addition to clinic-demographic features all of them were assessed for depressive symptoms medchemexpress using 21 items Hamilton – depression scale. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 16 and chi-square test was performed. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Level of depression was rated taking score 0-7 as normal, 8-13 as mild, 14-18 as moderate, 19-22 as severe and ≥ 23 as very severe. Results: Total 442 patients, age from 18 to 95 years (mean 37.8) with various social, economic and occupational background were included. Among them 281 (63.57%) were male and 161 (36.42%) were female. Mild to very severe depressive illness was found in 276 (63.57%). It was found more common among 25-35 year (68.06%) and >45 years age (67.86%) group. Among them 203 (66.56%) married persons, 109 (67.71%) female, 97 (73%) housewives, 142 (66.99%) and 151 (67.

The differences between these estimates are likely due to the codes used to define the populations and differences in the index dates. For example, our estimate of the cost of care for patients with HCC applies only to patients who first met our criteria for ESLD. In contrast, McAdam-Marx et al.12 included all patients with HCV infection and HCC in their estimate, regardless of liver disease severity. This difference most likely explains the higher number of patients with HCC in their estimate. Patients included in our analysis were required to have at least 1 year of baseline enrollment and 30 days selleck of continuous follow-up. In contrast, McAdam-Marx

et al.12 required patients to have 6 months of baseline enrollment and 1 day of follow-up. This difference in definitions likely explains the lower number of patients with OLT and the higher cost of care for these individuals

in our analysis. Observational studies with claims data are valuable for examining patterns of healthcare utilization and expenditures in a “real-world” setting. However, there are limitations inherent to a study of this type. Claims data are collected for the purpose of payment rather than research. Patients with NCD or CC may have been misclassified because clinical information on liver fibrosis (i.e., the results of liver biopsy or noninvasive tests) was not available to confirm the diagnosis of cirrhosis. Misclassification of patients with CC as having NCD would have resulted in an

overestimation of the costs associated with NCD and an underestimation of the true MG-132 research buy cost difference between these two patient groups. However, the risk of misclassifying patients with ESLD was minimized by including both diagnosis and procedural codes in the classification algorithm. A claims database does not contain any information about the reason why a medication is prescribed (or not) and whether a medication is actually taken as prescribed. Our medchemexpress definition of HCV-related pharmacy costs was narrow and included only those drugs used for the treatment of HCV and management of the side effects of HCV treatment. Less frequent use of antiviral drugs was likely the major reason for the lower pharmacy costs in patients with ESLD. However, much of the pharmacy costs for these individuals would have been incurred in-hospital and thus would have resulted in higher inpatient hospital costs. The costs of drugs prescribed to manage HCV-related complications such as diabetes were not included in this definition. As a result the pharmacy costs are likely underestimates in each of the three strata. There is also a lack of information regarding medications purchased outside of the healthcare pharmacy system, which would result in an underestimate of total costs. Cost estimates for patients aged older than 65 years and those on Social Security Disability Insurance may be underestimates because costs paid by other care plans (e.g.

Patients: 422 patients with infancy-acquired CHB were diagnosed between January 1999-May 2011, but only 169 untreated patients (91 males, median age 9.9years) had at least 3 years consecutive follow-up (median 8years) with samples available for testing. Methods: At diagnosis HBV DNA was measured by real-time PCR [log10U/ml], semiquantitative HBeAg and HBsAg plasma

levels by Abbott ARCHITECT® assay [S/CO & log10IU/ml], IP10 plasma levels by ELISA [pg/ ml] and compared with CHB stage at last visit (range 3-15 years). HBV genotype was determined by direct sequencing. Results: At diagnosis 138 (82%) patients were HBeAg+ and 72 (43%) had normal ALT (≤19 female/≤30IU/l male). The genotype distribution was as follows: A 9%, B Ibrutinib datasheet 12%, Nutlin-3a ic50 C 14%, D 49% and E 16%. At last follow-up visit 52 (38%) patients achieved HBeAg seroconversion, 7 (4%) HBsAg seroconversion and 109 (65%) had normal ALT. At diagnosis only 14 (8%) of patients were HBeAg-/HBV DNA<1000IU/ml/normal ALT (HBeAg- carrier stage); at last visit (median follow-up 8years) this proportion had increased to 49 (29%) patients. At diagnosis future HBeAg- carriers and patients with HBsAg

loss had significantly lower HBeAg, HBsAg and HBV DNA levels and higher IP10 levels than persistently HBeAg+ patients (HBeAg: 1071vs.1324; HBsAg: 4.36vs.4.89; HBV DNA: 7.14vs.8.26 and IP10: 206vs.125, all p<0.05). Age at time of diagnosis and ALT levels were similar between future HBeAg- carriers and persistently HBeAg+ patients (age: 9.8vs.10.4, p=0.58; ALT: 35vs.34, p=0.93). High IP10 at diagnosis (>250pg/ml) predicted future HBeAg loss/carrier stage (PPV86%). HBeAg seroconversion rate and subsequent HBeAg- carrier status were similar across of all genotypes, MCE but HBsAg loss was predominant in genotype A (71%) patients. Conclusions: In children with infancy-acquired CHB low HBeAg and HBsAg plasma levels, low HBV DNA viral load and high IP10 plasma levels at diagnosis predict future CHB outcome

(HBeAg loss/HBeAg-carriers stage). Genotype A was associated with HBsAg loss. Disclosures: Kosh Agarwal – Advisory Committees or Review Panels: Gilead, Novartis, Abbott; Grant/Research Support: Roche, MSD; Speaking and Teaching: BMS, Astellas, Janssen Ivana Carey – Grant/Research Support: Gilead, BMS, Roche; Speaking and Teaching: BMS The following people have nothing to disclose: Mary Horner, Matthew J. Bruce, Sanjay Bansal, Sarah Tizzard, Diego Vergani, Phillip M. Harrison, Giorgina Mieli-Vergani Background and Aims: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected adults have been found to face a significantly higher risk of insulin resistance (IR) than the uninfected population. In addition, HCV has been associated with lower total cholesterol (TC) levels, suggesting a possible HCV-host lipid interaction. However, adults often possess multiple comorbidities that act as confounders.

The patient was first diagnosed with VWD at age of 9 months, when she presented to her local hospital with prolonged bleeding from a lip wound after a fall. She was found to have prolonged APTT and VWD was diagnosed. Bleeding stopped following transfusion of RAD001 factor concentrate and tranexamic acid (TA). The patient’s parents are first cousins. She has two sisters, one is 2 years older and the other sister is 3 years younger than her. Both her parents and her older sister were subsequently diagnosed with type 1 VWD. She had very few bleeding episodes requiring treatment with factor concentrate as a young child until age 5,

when multiple dental caries caused abscess in her gums leading to the extraction of ten teeth. She had prolonged bleeding after tooth extractions resulting in severe anaemia (Hb 7.1 g dL−1). Thus, she was commenced on regular

factor replacement therapy, TA 250 mg qds and TA mouthwash until the completion of her dental treatment. At age of 6 years, she had an episode of severe epistaxis resulting in haematamesis and was treated with factor concentrate and TA administration. The bleeding continued despite treatment, Therefore, nose pack, intravenous desmopressin (DDAVP, 0.3 mcg kg−1) and a pool of platelets were administered. The patient’s haemoglobin dropped to 5.3 g dL−1. She was transfused learn more 3 units of packed red cells and had nasal cauterization with silver nitrate under general anaesthesia. The patient moved to Dubai with her family. At age of 9, during a visit to UK, she attended the haemophilia centre for review. Discussion took place with her and her parents regarding the onset of menstruation and its management. 上海皓元 They were advised this would definitely

include the use of factor concentrate. Lack of this form of treatment outside UK was also discussed. The patient returned to UK permanently at age of 14 and presented to our centre. She reported having an emergency laparoscopy for acute abdominal pain at age of 12. Consequently, she underwent right ovarian cystectomy and appendicectomy under cover of cryoprecipitate. The operating surgeon reported to the patient and her family a right ovarian cyst that was removed and a normal left ovary, but no mention on the status of the uterus and the tubes. She had not had any period, but reported regular monthly pain lasting 2–3 days. Her secondary sexual characteristics were compatible with her age. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound was performed and revealed multiple haemorrhagic bilateral ovarian cysts, but uterus could not be seen. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was then arranged and reported absent uterine and cervical tissues with no recognizable upper vaginal tissues. There were also no vaginal tissues seen between the urethra and rectum on axial views at the level of symphysis pubis, indicating absence of the mid third of vagina as well.

Significant factors associated with GERD were education level, economic level, asthma status, and delayed gastric emptying. Studies with larger numbers of subjects needed to analysed factors which related with

GERD. Key Word(s): 1. GERD; 2. Prevalence; 3. Risk factor; 4. Socioepidemiological; Presenting Author: UDAYCHAND GHOSHAL Additional Authors: SUSHIL KUMAR, SAMIR MOHINDRA, RD MITTAL Corresponding Author: UDAYCHAND GHOSHAL Affiliations: SGPGIMS, Lucknow Objective: IL-8–251T/A and IL-10 (-1082G/A, -819C/T, -592C/A) polymorphisms may influence gastritis, LDE225 cost gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia (IM) and gastric cancer (GC) following H. pylori infection altering their expression. Methods: Genotyping of these genes was performed (ASO-PCR) in 180

each patients with GC and functional dyspepsia (FD) and 250 healthy subjects (HS). Serum IgG-antibody against H. pylori was tested in all subjects and IL-8 and IL-10 were measured in 60 subjects in each group using commercial ELISA. Results: IL-8 AA and IL-10–819 TT (-592 AA) genotypes were commoner among GC than HS (43/180 [23.9%] vs. 35/250 [14.0%]; OR 1.9 [1.09–3.3], p = 0.022 and 35/180 [19.4%] vs. learn more 30/250 [12.0%]; OR 2.03 [1.12–3.7], p = 0.02) but comparable with FD (35/180 [19.4%], p = 0.59 and 35/180 [19.4%], p = 0.68). IL-8 AA and Il-10 -819 T allele carriers were commoner in H. pylori-infected patients with GC than HS (28/101 [27.7%] vs. 22/168 [13.1%]; OR 2.8 [1.38–5.71], p = 0.004 and 18/101 [17.8%] vs. 21/168 [12.5%]; OR 1.7 [1.01–2.96], p = 0.046, respectively). IL-10–1082 G/A genotype and IL-10 haplotypes (ACC, GCC, ATA and GTA) were comparable in all groups. IL-8 level was higher among patients with GC and FD than HS (57.64 [6.44–319.46] vs. 54.35 [4.24–318.96] vs. 26.33 [4.67–304.54] pg/ml, and respectively; p = ns for GC vs. FD and p < 0.0001 for GC vs. HS). IL-10 level was lower in patients with GC

MCE than HS and among H. pylori-infected than non-infected subjects (3.79 [1.24–56.65] vs. 15.468 [1.01–27.86], p = 0.0001 and 8.34 [1.24–54.43] vs. 12.28 [0.96–64.87], p = 0.012 pg/ml). Conclusion: IL-8–251AA and IL-10 -819TT gene polymorphisms is associated with GC. These cytokines may play role in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in India. Key Word(s): 1. H. pylori; 2. gastric cancer; 3. Gene polymorphism; 4. Functional dyspepsia; Presenting Author: JEONG BAE PARK Additional Authors: YONG KOOK LEE, KANG KIM, CHANG HEON YANG Corresponding Author: JEONG BAE PARK Affiliations: Dongguk University College of Medicine; Soksiwon Objective: NOTES is performed by endoscope entering through the peritoneal or thoracic cavity without conventional skin excision, so that it is expected to decrease complications from surgical operation and increase patient’s quality of life.

Isolates were identified based on the sequences of ribosomal DNA (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the calmodulin gene. Only the presence of H. pseudoalbidus was identified in the decaying ash stands in Poland;

morphologically similar, saprotrophic species of H. albidus was absent. Intrapopulation and interpopulation genetic variability of isolates was determined based on 84 RAMS markers obtained using four primers. Genetic variability of the fungus populations, measured by the Dice coefficient of genetic similarity and the Shannon coefficient of genetic diversity, decreased along with a decrease in the location of isolate LY2109761 cell line collection area above sea level. A significant dependency was shown between intrapopulation genetic variability of isolates and altitude of regions above sea level. The Mantel test excluded existence of dependence between geographical and genetic distance among populations (r = −0.038, P = 0.55). A significant correlation was found between the genetic distances of individuals within populations and locations above sea level. Based on PCA and geographical location of populations, it was shown that populations create four distinct groups. amova showed that a majority of total genetic variability (65.80%) constitutes intrapopulation variability. Variability between populations was high (28.7%), and individual regions had a smallest influence (5.5%) on the

level of total variability. “
“Ankyrin repeat-containing proteins comprise a large family whose members have been shown to play important 上海皓元 roles in various aspects of biological processes in plant growth MG-132 cost and development as well as in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. We previously identified a rice gene, OsBIANK1, encoding an ankyrin repeat-containing protein and found that expression of OsBIANK1 can be induced by defence signalling molecules and by infection of Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease. To better understand the possible function of

OsBIANK1 in disease resistance, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants that constitutively overexpress the OsBIANK1 gene. Results from disease assays revealed that the OsBIANK1-overexpressing plants display increased resistance against Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 as compared with the wild-type plants. In OsBIANK1-overexpressing plants, expression of some of well-known defence genes (e.g. PR-1, PR-2 and PDF1.2) was up-regulated after infection with B. cinerea or P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Furthermore, the OsBIANK1-overexpressing plants showed decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (i.e. superoxide anion and H2O2) after Botrytis infection. Thus, our present results further support the role of OsBIANK1 in regulation of defence responses against different types of pathogens.